Question 1

Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit crime. This theory is known as the _________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Placing offenders behind bars during their prime...

Question 2

The view that criminals are not robots who engage in random acts of antisocial behavior reflects _____ crime.

Accepted Answer

The concept that criminals are not robots who engage in random acts of antisocial behavior is rooted in the offender-specific approach to understanding crime. This approach views criminal behavior as a result of individual characteristics, experiences, and decisions made by the offender. Offender-specific approaches emphasize the importance of understanding the motivations, risk factors, and patterns of behavior of individual criminals in order to prevent and address their criminal activity.

Question 3

The theory of __________________ holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The theory of __________________ holds that criminal...

Question 4

Before choosing to commit a crime, ________ criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain.

Accepted Answer

Reasoning criminals evaluate the risk and rewards before committing a crime, considering factors like apprehension risk, punishment severity, potential value, and immediate need.

Question 5

Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman's concept of _______ that suggests that crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the statement is Oscar Newman's theory of defensible space, which argues that crime can be reduced by designing buildings and spaces that allow for residents to feel safe and to be able to observe and control access to their surroundings. Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance are examples of designs that incorporate the principles of defensible space by enabling residents to monitor their environment and deter potential offenders.

Question 6

The philosophy of ___________________ asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The philosophy of ___________________ asserts that those...

Question 7

Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by:

Accepted Answer

Beccaria believed in the deterrence theory, which posits that the fear of punishment can prevent individuals from committing crimes.

Question 8

Beccaria believed that humans were naturally:

Accepted Answer

Beccaria believed that humans were naturally egotistical and self-centered, which contributed to the need for laws and punishments to deter individuals from committing crimes. He believed that individuals calculate the potential benefits and risks of their actions and will act in their own self-interest unless there is a deterrent in place.

Question 9

Fear of shame, embarrassment, and humiliation can be powerful general deterrents to crime. An individual's fear of exposure and consequent shaming may vary according to _________ of community structure and type of crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fear of shame, embarrassment, and humiliation can...

Question 10

Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by:

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by Cesare Beccaria. While Jeremy Bentham influenced Beccaria's thinking, Beccaria is typically recognized as the primary proponent of rational choice theory within the classical school. James Q. Wilson is associated with the development of the "broken windows" theory, and Andrew Von Hirsch is known for his work on punishment theory and proportionality.

Question 11

The three elements of deterrence are certainty, severity, and __________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three elements of deterrence are certainty,...

Question 12

Who wrote Seductions of Crime , a book that argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality?

Accepted Answer

Seductions of Crime was written by Jack Katz, a sociologist who argues that criminality can be seen as a subculture that provides immediate benefits and rewards for those who participate in it.

Question 13

If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime. This is referred to as the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Marginal deterrence refers to the idea that penalties should be proportionate to the severity of the crime to prevent offenders from committing more serious offenses.

Question 14

Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is, for some, a seduction of crime and is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The term "edgework" refers to the thrill-seeking behavior of individuals who engage in risky or dangerous activities, often in violation of the law, in order to experience an adrenaline rush. This term was coined by sociologist Stephen Lyng, who argued that edgework can be seen as a form of resistance to the constraints and boredom of modern life.

Question 15

The belief that crime can be reduced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity is called:

Accepted Answer

Defensible space theory proposes that by modifying the physical environment, such as creating clear sightlines, adding lighting, and controlling access points, the opportunity for crime can be reduced. This theory emphasizes the importance of design in crime prevention. Option B is incorrect because opportunity theory specifically focuses on the availability of opportunities for criminal behavior. Option C is incorrect because social perception theory focuses on how individuals perceive their surroundings and the impact it has on their behavior. Option D is incorrect because power-control theory focuses on how gender and family dynamics impact crime rates.

Question 16

Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Permeable neighborhoods are those with many access points, making it easier for burglars to enter and exit without being noticed.

Question 17

When urban planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the factors that attract people to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are engaging in a practice known as:

Accepted Answer

Situational crime prevention involves analyzing specific crime sites to understand the factors that attract people and enable criminal activities, with the aim of reducing opportunities for crime.

Question 18

Beccaria's beliefs and writings about the proportionality of crime and punishment have been credited as the basis for the elimination of what nineteenth-century practice?

Accepted Answer

Beccaria's work, particularly in his essay "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764), argued against the use of torture and the death penalty, emphasizing the importance of proportionality in punishment. His ideas were foundational in the movement towards the abolition of torture as a form of legal punishment.

Question 19

________ violations involve encounters in which the grievant's essential character has been challenged.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ violations involve encounters in which the...

Question 20

While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serial murders are considered rational killers because:

Accepted Answer

Serial murderers are considered rational because they often carefully select their victims, indicating a level of planning and deliberation in their actions.

Quiz 4: Rational Choice Theory