Question 1

In order for an organized crime group to survive, it must have a(n)_____________ process for inducting new members and inculcating them with the values and ways of behaving prescribed by the social system. ​

Accepted Answer

An organized crime group is a form of an institution, and therefore, it must have an institutionalized process for inducting new members and instilling them with the values and norms of the group in order to maintain power and survival. This process is often referred to as "initiation" and is a critical component of organized crime groups' ability to perpetuate their criminal enterprises.

Question 2

Central to the issue of culture versus subculture is/are _____________ : group-held prescriptions for, or prohibitions against, certain conduct. ​

Accepted Answer

Norms refer to the group-held prescriptions for, or prohibitions against, certain conduct that distinguish cultures and subcultures from one another. Ethics and values may play a role in shaping norms, but they do not fully encompass the concept of norms. Interactions are not directly related to the concept of culture versus subculture.

Question 3

_____________ theory argues that criminals organize their behavior according to the norms of a delinquent or criminal group to which they belong or with which they identify. ​

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland, posits that individuals learn criminal behavior through their social interactions with others, particularly within the context of a group or subculture that may espouse delinquent values and norms. This theory suggests that criminal behavior is not so much a result of individual pathology or biological factors, but rather a reflection of socialization processes and exposure to deviant peers.

Question 4

The _____________ is characterized principally by conduct that reflects values antithetical to the surrounding culture. ​

Accepted Answer

The delinquent subculture is characterized by conduct that goes against the values of the surrounding culture. This includes criminal behavior, defiance of authority, and other forms of deviance. The other answer choices do not necessarily reflect values that are antithetical to the larger culture.

Question 5

Who theorized that all behavior-lawful and criminal-is learned? ​

Accepted Answer

Edwin Sutherland theorized that all behavior, both lawful and criminal, is learned through social interaction and cultural norms. This theory is known as differential association theory.

Question 6

_____________ refers to a source of patterning in human conduct; it is the sum of patterns of social relationships and shared meanings by which people give order, expression, and value to common experiences. ​

Accepted Answer

Culture refers to the shared patterns of social relationships and meanings by which people give order, expression, and value to their common experiences. Subculture refers to a smaller cultural group within a larger culture. Norms refer to the expectations and rules for behavior within a culture. Social interaction refers to the ways people communicate and interact with each other.

Question 7

Sociologists Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay suggested that the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted through all of the following ways except for: ​

Accepted Answer

Shaw and McKay did not suggest that the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted religiously. The correct answer is D.

Question 8

Which scholars discovered that certain clearly identifiable neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition? ​

Accepted Answer

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay conducted a study in 1929 on the development of delinquent behavior in an urban environment, which led to the discovery that certain neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition.

Question 9

_____________ implies that there are value judgments, or a social value system, which lie apart from a larger or central value system. ​

Accepted Answer

Subculture refers to a group of people who share a distinct set of behaviors, beliefs, and values within a larger culture. This implies that their value judgments and social value system may differ from the central or dominant culture.

Question 10

According to _____________ theory, each successive immigrant group experienced strain to which some members reacted by innovating in accord with a tradition that had been established by earlier American entrepreneurs. ​

Accepted Answer

Ethnic succession theory argues that each immigrant group experiences strain in adapting to a new culture and societal norms. Some members of these groups react to this strain by innovating and creating their own niche in society. This process of innovation is built upon by later generations of immigrants, creating a tradition of entrepreneurialism and success within certain ethnic groups.

Question 11

Inadequate familial socialization prevents some persons from: ​

Accepted Answer

Inadequate familial socialization can prevent individuals from learning and internalizing the conventional norms of wider society, making it difficult for them to conform to these norms. It is not necessarily specific to organized crime or delinquent/criminal subcultures.

Question 12

Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain formal and informal political, economic, and religious ties that provide: ​

Accepted Answer

Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain both illegitimate and legitimate ties to take advantage of any opportunity that arises. These ties may include political connections, economic partnerships, and even religious affiliations.

Question 13

_________________ refers to the study of society, social institutions, human interaction, collective behavior, and the behavior of organized groups. ​

Accepted Answer

Sociology is the study of society and social behavior, focusing on understanding social structures, institutions, and relationships. It looks at how individuals interact with each other and with wider societal forces, as well as how groups and societies change over time. Psychology looks more specifically at individual behavior and mental processes, while criminal anthropology and criminology are focused on the study of crime and criminal behavior within societies.

Question 14

Which of the following modes of Merton's adaptation includes organized criminal activity for those who would play the game differently? ​

Accepted Answer

Innovation is the mode of adaptation where individuals accept the societal goal of success but reject the legitimate means to achieve it. Instead, they use illegitimate means such as organized criminal activity to attain success.

Question 15

Which of the following scholars stated that "American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain"? ​

Accepted Answer

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin argued that American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain, which may lead to delinquent behavior in certain segments of the population.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of Merton's suggested modes of adaptation to deal with strain? ​

Accepted Answer

Hedonism is not one of Merton's suggested modes of adaptation to deal with strain, while rebellion, retreatism, and conformity are.

Question 17

Social Strain theorist Robert Merton hypothesized that organized crime was:

Accepted Answer

Merton's strain theory posits that when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means, they experience strain and may turn to deviant behavior. Organized crime can be seen as a normal response to the pressures exerted on certain individuals by the social structure, particularly those who are educationally and financially disadvantaged.

Question 18

According to strain theorists, which of the following may result if a number of people are confronted by the contradiction between goals and means, and as a result become estranged from society? ​

Accepted Answer

Strain theorists argue that when individuals are confronted with the contradiction between societal goals and the means to achieve them, it can lead to a state of anomie, or normlessness. This can lead to feelings of alienation and detachment from society, which may result in deviant behavior or other negative outcomes. War, psychological disorders, and materialism are not necessarily outcomes of strain theory.

Question 19

According to Fredric Thrasher, "Experience in a predatory gang develops in the boy _____________ law and order." ​

Accepted Answer

Fredric Thrasher's research on gangs, particularly in his seminal work "The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago," suggests that involvement in a gang leads to an indifference towards law and order. This is because gang culture often operates outside of, or in direct opposition to, mainstream societal norms and legal frameworks.

Question 20

Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe: ​

Accepted Answer

Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe an American preoccupation with economic success, where people focus solely on materialistic gains to the detriment of other values and social norms. Merton argues that this emphasis on material wealth and success creates societal pressures that can encourage deviant behavior, such as fraud or theft, to achieve these goals.

Quiz 2: Explanations for Organized Crime

In order for an organized crime group to survive, it must have a(n) _____________ process for inducting new members and inculcating them with the values and ways of behaving prescribed by the social system.

Central to the issue of culture versus subculture is/are _____________ : group-held prescriptions for, or prohibitions against, certain conduct.

_____________ theory argues that criminals organize their behavior according to the norms of a delinquent or criminal group to which they belong or with which they identify.

The _____________ is characterized principally by conduct that reflects values antithetical to the surrounding culture.

Who theorized that all behavior-lawful and criminal-is learned?

_____________ refers to a source of patterning in human conduct; it is the sum of patterns of social relationships and shared meanings by which people give order, expression, and value to common experiences.

Sociologists Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay suggested that the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted through all of the following ways except for:

Which scholars discovered that certain clearly identifiable neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition?

_____________ implies that there are value judgments, or a social value system, which lie apart from a larger or central value system.

According to _____________ theory, each successive immigrant group experienced strain to which some members reacted by innovating in accord with a tradition that had been established by earlier American entrepreneurs.

Inadequate familial socialization prevents some persons from:

Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain formal and informal political, economic, and religious ties that provide:

_________________ refers to the study of society, social institutions, human interaction, collective behavior, and the behavior of organized groups.

Which of the following modes of Merton's adaptation includes organized criminal activity for those who would play the game differently?

Which of the following scholars stated that "American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain"?

Which of the following is NOT one of Merton's suggested modes of adaptation to deal with strain?

Social Strain theorist Robert Merton hypothesized that organized crime was:

According to strain theorists, which of the following may result if a number of people are confronted by the contradiction between goals and means, and as a result become estranged from society?

According to Fredric Thrasher, "Experience in a predatory gang develops in the boy _____________ law and order."

Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe:

Quiz 2: Explanations for Organized Crime

In order for an organized crime group to survive, it must have a(n) _____________ process for inducting new members and inculcating them with the values and ways of behaving prescribed by the social system. ​

Central to the issue of culture versus subculture is/are _____________ : group-held prescriptions for, or prohibitions against, certain conduct. ​

_____________ theory argues that criminals organize their behavior according to the norms of a delinquent or criminal group to which they belong or with which they identify. ​

The _____________ is characterized principally by conduct that reflects values antithetical to the surrounding culture. ​

Who theorized that all behavior-lawful and criminal-is learned? ​

_____________ refers to a source of patterning in human conduct; it is the sum of patterns of social relationships and shared meanings by which people give order, expression, and value to common experiences. ​

Sociologists Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay suggested that the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted through all of the following ways except for: ​

Which scholars discovered that certain clearly identifiable neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition? ​

_____________ implies that there are value judgments, or a social value system, which lie apart from a larger or central value system. ​

According to _____________ theory, each successive immigrant group experienced strain to which some members reacted by innovating in accord with a tradition that had been established by earlier American entrepreneurs. ​

Inadequate familial socialization prevents some persons from: ​

Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain formal and informal political, economic, and religious ties that provide: ​

_________________ refers to the study of society, social institutions, human interaction, collective behavior, and the behavior of organized groups. ​

Which of the following modes of Merton's adaptation includes organized criminal activity for those who would play the game differently? ​

Which of the following scholars stated that "American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain"? ​

Which of the following is NOT one of Merton's suggested modes of adaptation to deal with strain? ​

Social Strain theorist Robert Merton hypothesized that organized crime was:

According to strain theorists, which of the following may result if a number of people are confronted by the contradiction between goals and means, and as a result become estranged from society? ​

According to Fredric Thrasher, "Experience in a predatory gang develops in the boy _____________ law and order." ​

Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe: ​

In order for an organized crime group to survive, it must have a(n) _____________ process for inducting new members and inculcating them with the values and ways of behaving prescribed by the social system.

Central to the issue of culture versus subculture is/are _____________ : group-held prescriptions for, or prohibitions against, certain conduct.

_____________ theory argues that criminals organize their behavior according to the norms of a delinquent or criminal group to which they belong or with which they identify.

The _____________ is characterized principally by conduct that reflects values antithetical to the surrounding culture.

Who theorized that all behavior-lawful and criminal-is learned?

_____________ refers to a source of patterning in human conduct; it is the sum of patterns of social relationships and shared meanings by which people give order, expression, and value to common experiences.

Sociologists Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay suggested that the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted through all of the following ways except for:

Which scholars discovered that certain clearly identifiable neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition?

_____________ implies that there are value judgments, or a social value system, which lie apart from a larger or central value system.

According to _____________ theory, each successive immigrant group experienced strain to which some members reacted by innovating in accord with a tradition that had been established by earlier American entrepreneurs.

Inadequate familial socialization prevents some persons from:

Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain formal and informal political, economic, and religious ties that provide:

_________________ refers to the study of society, social institutions, human interaction, collective behavior, and the behavior of organized groups.

Which of the following modes of Merton's adaptation includes organized criminal activity for those who would play the game differently?

Which of the following scholars stated that "American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain"?

Which of the following is NOT one of Merton's suggested modes of adaptation to deal with strain?

According to strain theorists, which of the following may result if a number of people are confronted by the contradiction between goals and means, and as a result become estranged from society?

According to Fredric Thrasher, "Experience in a predatory gang develops in the boy _____________ law and order."

Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe: