Question 1

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____.

Accepted Answer

Duke's ability to sleep through the refrigerator cycling on suggests that he is beyond Stage 1 N-REM sleep. However, being able to wake up to the sound of his roommate opening the refrigerator door suggests that he is not in a deep Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep. This leaves Stage 2 N-REM sleep as the most likely option. Duke may still be relatively easy to wake up during this stage, but he may also experience some deeper sleep that makes it harder to wake up compared to Stage 1. Duke is not likely in REM sleep as there is no mention of any vivid dreams or muscle paralysis.

Question 2

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is characterized by rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. During this stage, the muscles of the body, apart from the eye muscles and diaphragm, are generally paralyzed to prevent acting out dreams. This is known as REM atonia. Therefore, the correct option is D, which involves rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing and paralysis of postural muscles.

Question 3

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." Don was most likely in ____.

Accepted Answer

Don's statement about landing on Mars and winning a battle against flying jellyfish suggests that he was experiencing a dream, which occurs during REM sleep.

Question 4

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in...

Question 5

While eating her morning bowl of cereal, Kalinda daydreams about what she would do if she won the upcoming lottery drawing. Which cortical areas of Kalinda's brain are likely to be activated?

Accepted Answer

The Default Mode Network (DMN) is typically activated during daydreaming and mind-wandering, as it is involved in self-referential thoughts and imagining future scenarios.

Question 6

Azul studies for her upcoming molecular biology midterm. She starts by making an outline of her textbook chapters and then begins studying her lecture notes. Azul's brain is likely to show ____ wave activity.

Accepted Answer

Beta wave activity is associated with active and focused attention, making it the most likely brainwave activity while Azul studies for her midterm. Alpha wave activity is associated with relaxation and daydreaming, delta wave activity is associated with deep sleep, and theta wave activity is associated with meditation and light sleep.

Question 7

A shift in one's circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A shift in one's circadian rhythm during...

Question 8

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's...

Question 9

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. What type of brain waveforms did Daisy display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

Daisy was likely in stage 3 or 4 of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by delta waves, as she was in a deep sleep and took several minutes to respond.

Question 10

Recent research focusing on morning people (larks)and night people (owls)suggests that ________.

Accepted Answer

Recent research has suggested that being a lark or an owl may be influenced by genetics. Studies have found specific genes that are associated with whether someone is more of a morning person or a night owl.

Question 11

Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter's graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams?

Accepted Answer

The "DMN" or Default Mode Network is engaged when the brain is at rest and involved in daydreaming, self-referential thoughts, and future planning.

Question 12

Artificial lighting affects sleep by breaking down ____.

Accepted Answer

Artificial lighting, particularly blue light, suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 13

After a grueling day of classes, Edith returns to her apartment and plops down in a comfortable recliner; she closes her eyes and immediately begins to relax. Edith's brain is likely to show an increase in____ wave activity.

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are associated with a relaxed yet awake state, which fits the description of Edith's state in the recliner after a long day of classes. Beta waves are associated with alertness and concentration, delta waves are associated with deep sleep, and theta waves are associated with drowsiness and light sleep.

Question 14

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

Duke was likely in stage 2 of non-REM sleep, characterized by theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes, which can be disrupted by external stimuli like a door opening.

Question 15

Why is it inaccurate to say that daydreaming is a "total waste of time"?

Accepted Answer

Daydreaming often involves thinking about past experiences and planning for the future, which can be valuable and productive uses of time.

Question 16

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." What type of brain waveforms did Don display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tao wakes up his roommate Don so...

Question 17

Varying states of awareness are best monitored using ____, which provides an overall measure of brain activity.

Accepted Answer

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is the best choice for monitoring varying states of awareness as it measures the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. This provides an overall measure of brain activity, including changes in sleep stages, alertness, and even abnormal brain activity such as seizures. A CAT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often used for structural imaging of the brain, while positron emission tomography (PET) is used for functional imaging and measuring brain metabolism. However, none of these methods provide the same level of real-time measurement of brain activity as an EEG.

Question 18

Mina is seeing a therapist for depression. After several sessions, Mina's therapist recommends that she undergo light therapy and take antidepressant medication. Mina likely suffers from which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Light therapy is commonly used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which is a type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually in the winter when there is less natural sunlight.

Question 19

What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is an increase in automobile accidents following the change to daylight savings time, as individuals are adjusting to a new sleep schedule. This suggests that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule can negatively impact behavior. The other answer choices are not supported by empirical evidence to the same extent as option B.

Question 20

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" What type of brain waveforms did Derek display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer