Question 1

Jenna, who is recovering from drug addiction, attends counseling sessions so that she will no longer associate the sight of a needle and syringe with an expected drug effect. During the counseling sessions, Jenna handles a syringe without receiving any drugs as her counselor pairs a new signal with the sight of the syringe: a favorite song of Jenna's. The method used here illustrates the use of ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jenna, who is recovering from drug addiction,...

Question 2

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food?

Accepted Answer

In scenario D, Roxie's owner consistently pairs the conditioned stimulus (opening the kitchen cupboard) with the unconditioned stimulus (food) in a predictable and immediate manner, which is likely to result in rapid associative learning. In contrast, the other scenarios involve less consistent or less immediate associations between stimuli and rewards, which may result in slower or less reliable learning.

Question 3

The development of a conditioned response is called ____. ​

Accepted Answer

The development of a conditioned response is called acquisition.

Question 4

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

A reaction that is learned or acquired over time is called a conditioned response. A conditioned response is a response that is not present initially, but it becomes associated with a particular stimulus over time through conditioning.

Question 5

As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The song is the conditioned stimulus, the parents fighting is the unconditioned stimulus, the anxiety toward the song is the conditioned response, and the anxiety toward parents fighting is the unconditioned response.

Question 6

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying "bug" demonstrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Eli's fear of any flying insect, even small ones like gnats, demonstrates a generalization of his fear from bees to any similar-looking object.

Question 7

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What mechanism is responsible for the process...

Question 8

Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the food pellet, as it naturally elicits a response (waiting in the corner) without prior conditioning.

Question 9

Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweat pants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Peter's mother normally arrives home from work...

Question 10

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Delaying the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus after the conditioned stimulus reduces the association between the two stimuli, making acquisition less likely.

Question 11

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond differently to each one, while delectability relates to taste or liking of a stimulus, desensitization is the process by which an organism becomes less responsive to a stimulus over time, and differentiation refers to the process of distinguishing or separating something from something else.

Question 13

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?

Accepted Answer

Tim's therapist is describing extinction, a process where repeated exposure to a conditioned stimulus (social events) without the unconditioned stimulus (alcohol) leads to a decrease in the conditioned response (craving for alcohol).

Question 14

A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned response (UCR) is a type of reflex response that is triggered naturally, without any prior learning or conditioning. It is typically an automatic, innate response that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus.

Question 15

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training. Option A is not a valid term in classical conditioning. Option B describes the process of relearning that occurs more quickly than initial learning. Option D refers to the process where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by pairing it with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response (urge to smoke) after a period of lessened response, which occurs when Greg is in environments associated with his past smoking behavior.

Question 17

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

This is referred to as inhibition. The conditioned stimulus is predicting the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the probability of the conditioned response.

Question 18

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house; receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____.

Accepted Answer

The scenario illustrates extinction, where a previously reinforced behavior (jumping excitedly) is no longer reinforced (ignored), leading to a decrease in that behavior over time.

Question 19

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience -that is, without learning having taken place?

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 20

Jonah is playing on his tablet one evening, when his father asks him to finish up and get ready to take a bath. Jonah nods but completely ignores the request. After a few minutes his father repeats the request with a slightly sterner voice. Jonah says, "Okay, let me just finish this game." Ten minute later, when Jonah has clearly played several more games, his father repeats the request but with a very firm voice. Jonah, knowing that his father is getting angry, puts down the tablet and goes to take a bath. Jonah's different responding to different "voices" from his father illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Jonah's ability to respond differently to the varying tones of his father's voice demonstrates discrimination, as he distinguishes between the different levels of urgency or firmness in his father's requests.

Quiz 8: The Adaptive Mind: Learning

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food?

The development of a conditioned response is called ____.

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as a(n) ____.

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.

The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____.

A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____.

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house; receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____.

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience -that is, without learning having taken place?

Quiz 8: The Adaptive Mind: Learning

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food?

The development of a conditioned response is called ____. ​

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as a(n) ____.

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.

The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____.

A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____.

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house; receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____.

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience -that is, without learning having taken place?

The development of a conditioned response is called ____.