Question 1

In a properly conducted lineup, wherein eyewitnesses are asked to identify criminals who they saw commit a crime, the foils in the lineup are people who ____.

Accepted Answer

The foils in a properly conducted lineup should all be known to be innocent of the crime, as this helps to prevent the eyewitness from simply choosing the person who looks most like the perpetrator, rather than actually recognizing the person who committed the crime. Using all suspects or individuals who do not match the physical/psychological description of the suspect could bias the eyewitness or make it difficult for them to make a decision.

Question 2

When it comes to eyewitness identifications in police lineups, sequential lineups are generally preferred to simultaneous lineups-especially when witnesses ____.

Accepted Answer

Sequential lineups, where witnesses view suspects one at a time, are preferred when witnesses do not know how many people are in the lineup. This reduces the possibility of choosing the person who looks most like the culprit, rather than the actual culprit. In contrast, during a simultaneous lineup, where all suspects are presented at once, witnesses may be more likely to choose the person who looks most similar to the culprit or to feel pressured to pick someone, even if the actual culprit is not present.

Question 3

In the ____ lineup procedure, witnesses view each lineup member in turn, making a decision about whether that lineup member is the culprit before viewing the next member of the lineup.

Accepted Answer

The sequential lineup procedure involves showing each lineup member to the witness one at a time, allowing them to make a decision before moving on to the next member. This is different from the simultaneous lineup procedure, where all lineup members are shown at once. The signal detection and decision-based procedures are not specific lineup procedures.

Question 4

When criminal psychologists distinguish between system variables and estimator variables as two sources of inaccuracy in eyewitness reports and identifications, they are distinguishing between variables ____.

Accepted Answer

System variables are factors that are under the control of the criminal justice system, such as the lineup procedure or the quality of the photo array used. Estimator variables, on the other hand, are factors that are outside the control of the criminal justice system, such as the lighting conditions or the distance between the eyewitness and the perpetrator. By distinguishing between these two types of variables, criminal psychologists can better understand the sources of inaccuracy in eyewitness reports and identifications and develop strategies to minimize them.

Question 5

When instructions to individuals viewing the lineup include a warning that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup, there is a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When instructions to individuals viewing the lineup...

Question 6

Own-race bias refers to the observation that ____.

Accepted Answer

Own-race bias refers to the phenomenon where individuals are better at recognizing and remembering faces from their own race compared to faces from other races. It does not necessarily involve trust or beliefs about criminal behavior.

Question 7

In a target-absent lineup, it is impossible for an eyewitness to make an identification decision that qualifies as a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a target-absent lineup, it is impossible...

Question 8

Research on estimator variables has found that _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on estimator variables has found that...

Question 9

Suppose that Danielle was an eyewitness to a store robbery. She gives the police a description of the criminal: "30-35 year-old male, brown hair, light eyes, about 5'10", with a missing finger on his left hand." A few weeks later, police track down a suspect. He fits Danielle's description, and additionally has a lazy eye and a huge tattoo on his neck. If police use the match-to-culprit approach in constructing a lineup for eyewitness identification, then the foils in the lineup ____.

Accepted Answer

According to the match-to-culprit approach, the foils in the lineup should match the suspect in all relevant features mentioned by the eyewitness. In this case, the suspect matches the description provided by Danielle in terms of age, hair color, light eyes, height, and missing finger on the left hand. Therefore, the foils should also have brown hair and be missing a finger on the left hand. However, the foils may or may not have a tattoo on their neck, as this was not mentioned in Danielle's description. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 10

Rossi is suspected of committing a robbery and appears in a lineup in which the store clerk claims that he is the robber. As it turns out, Rossi simply looks remarkably like the person who committed the crime, but did not, himself, commit the crime. Rossi has been a victim of ____.

Accepted Answer

Rossi has been falsely identified as the robber, which falls under the category of false identification.

Question 11

What is an example of a system variable that might lead to inaccuracies in eyewitness identifications in lineups?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is an example of a system...

Question 12

System variables that influence eyewitness identifications in criminal lineups are most analogous to ____ that influence participant behavior in social psychological experiments.

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics in social psychological experiments are cues or signals that lead participants to infer the purpose of the study and adjust their behavior accordingly. Similarly, system variables in criminal lineups (such as the lineup instructions given by police officers or the composition of the lineup itself) may unintentionally influence eyewitnesses to make identifications based on factors other than the perpetrator's actual appearance. Both demand characteristics and system variables can create unintended biases that affect the accuracy and validity of the data collected.

Question 13

Employees who perceive ____ in their organization have been found to experience more stress and strain leading to potential health issues.

Accepted Answer

Employees who perceive unfairness in their organization, such as favoritism or unequal treatment, report higher levels of job stress and may experience strain on their mental and physical health.

Question 14

Lineup members other than the suspect who are known to be innocent of the crime are called ____.

Accepted Answer

Fillers are used in lineups to distract or "fill" the lineup with individuals who are known to be innocent. Foils are individuals who resemble the suspect but are also innocent and are included in the lineup to ensure that identification is not based solely on physical resemblance. False flags and validators are not commonly used terms in lineup procedures.

Question 15

According to the text, when police use lineup procedures to obtain identifications of criminals from eyewitnesses, which is better, the match-to-suspect approach or the match-to-culprit approach?

Accepted Answer

According to the text, the match-to-culprit approach is better because it is less likely to "lead" suspects.

Question 16

Suppose that Danielle was an eyewitness to a store robbery. She gives the police a description of the criminal: "30-35 year-old male, brown hair, light eyes, about 5'10", with a missing finger on his left hand." A few weeks later, police track down a suspect. He fits Danielle's description, and additionally has a lazy eye and a huge tattoo on his neck. If police use the match-to-suspect approach in constructing a lineup for eyewitness identification, then the foils in the lineup ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that Danielle was an eyewitness to...

Question 17

Phil comes to work late, routinely misses meetings, and always uses the office copier for personal business. Phil is engaged in ____.

Accepted Answer

Phil's behavior suggests work withdrawal, which involves a disengagement from work-related responsibilities and a lack of motivation or effort towards fulfilling them. This is different from affective commitment, which refers to an emotional attachment or loyalty to one's job or organization, and mentoring, which involves an experienced employee providing guidance and support to a less experienced employee. Phil's behavior also does not constitute quid pro quo harassment, which involves sexual advances or requests in exchange for job benefits.

Question 18

In general, which of the following best summarizes how convincing eyewitness testimony is to jurors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In general, which of the following best...

Question 19

Behaviors employees engage in that go beyond what is expected by the leaders of the organization are called ____ behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Organizational citizenship behaviors refer to voluntary actions taken by employees that go beyond their formal job requirements and are not explicitly rewarded by the organization. These behaviors benefit the organization as a whole by promoting its interests and reputation, and can include things like helping coworkers, providing suggestions for improvement, and participating in company events. Choice A (prosocial) is a related concept that refers more broadly to behaviors aimed at helping others, while choice C (brown-nosing) has a negative connotation of insincere behavior aimed at gaining favor with leaders. Choice D (mentoring) is also a positive behavior, but does not necessarily involve going above and beyond formal job requirements.

Question 20

Dana says she was terrified when she was assaulted and is not sure she can identify who did it, especially since her glasses were knocked off early during the assault. She views a lineup in which the "true" perpetrator is known to be present. Dana, however, cannot pick the individual out of the line-up, resulting in a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

An incorrect rejection occurs when a witness fails to identify the perpetrator even though they are present in a lineup. Since Dana cannot identify the true perpetrator, despite them being present in the lineup, it is an incorrect rejection.

Quiz 15: Application Module A: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior