Question 1

What is a good example of prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Taking your best friend to the hospital when she is sick is an example of prosocial behavior because it involves helping others and showing concern for their well-being.

Question 2

If you are concerned that you are getting less than you deserve, then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____, if you are concerned that you are getting more than you deserve then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____.

Accepted Answer

Social psychologists use the terms underbenefited and overbenefited to refer to situations where individuals feel they are receiving less or more than what they deserve, respectively. Option A refers to the influence of social norms, option C refers to resource allocation, and option D refers to concepts of fairness and justice.

Question 3

Research with humans and monkeys on fairness-and the concepts of being overbenefited versus underbenefited-indicates that ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research with humans and monkeys on fairness-and...

Question 4

Suppose that two preteen girls take turns brushing each other's hair. These girls are demonstrating ____.

Accepted Answer

The girls are following the reciprocity norm, which implies that people should help those who have helped them in the past. By taking turns brushing each other's hair, the girls are reciprocating the help they received from each other. Altruistic codes refer to societal expectations that individuals will help others in need without the expectation of a reward. Diffusion of responsibility occurs when people feel less responsible for taking action in a group setting because they assume someone else will do it. The rule of law pertains to a legal system that is fair and impartial, where laws are applied equally to all individuals. None of these concepts are applicable in this scenario.

Question 5

According to research, when will your employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that when employees perceive that the rules at work are fair and respectful, they are more likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs. Fair and respectful rules create a positive work environment, which encourages teamwork and cooperation among employees. Being paid more or thinking that they are less skilled/capable than their fellow employees is not consistently linked to positive behaviors at work.

Question 6

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behavior are typical or expected are known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Norms are established expectations of behavior within a society or a particular group, which are often communicated explicitly or implicitly. Rules of law are specific regulations enforced by government authorities. Equities represent fairness or justice in distribution or treatment. Normatives refer to principles or values that guide decision-making or behavior, but not necessarily the expected or typical behavior in a given society.

Question 7

Jude's dad helped him buy a car when he graduated from college. When Jude's son graduated from college, Jude felt he should help his son in the same way. Social scientists would call this ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jude's dad helped him buy a car...

Question 8

Even though there are certain codes of behavior (both legal and moral)that people are supposed to follow during wartime, it is often the case that these codes are horrifically ignored or broken (e.g., there are lootings, mass rapes, killings of babies and children, etc.). In other words, it seems as though once certain rules and laws are broken (once people are even in war), ____ can become completely unraveled very easily.

Accepted Answer

The statement is referring to the breakdown of the rule of law during wartime, indicating that once laws and codes of behavior are broken, chaos can more easily ensue.

Question 9

Alicia and her friends are singing karaoke. Alicia is an extremely talented singer-much better than her friends. She feels awkward about being so good, however, so she sort of "fakes bad"; she doesn't want her friends to be envious of her singing talent. Social psychologists would say that Alicia is experiencing ____.

Accepted Answer

Alicia is experiencing sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison, which means she is afraid that her friends will compare themselves to her and feel inferior. This is a common social phenomenon where individuals might downplay their own abilities in the presence of others to avoid making them feel insecure.

Question 10

Research indicates that reciprocity norms are found in ____ human cultures.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that reciprocity norms, which are the expectations that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, are found in all human cultures. This universality suggests that the principle of reciprocity is a fundamental aspect of human social life.

Question 11

Research indicates that in societies where there is an intact rule of law, people are ____.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that in societies with an intact rule of law, people feel more secure and are therefore happier. They can trust the institutions and the legal system to protect their rights, which gives them a sense of stability and confidence in their future.

Question 12

Jose sometimes feels that he is a "taker" rather than a "giver"-that he is not contributing his fair share at work or in relationships. Research suggests that, as a result, Jose is likely to

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that when people feel like they are not contributing their fair share, they may experience feelings of guilt and depression. However, this can also motivate them to look for opportunities to give back more and try to balance out the perceived imbalance. Therefore, it is likely that Jose may feel depressed and guilty, but also try to find ways to give back more at work or in his relationships.

Question 13

The term "sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison" refers to ____.

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison refers to the fear or concern about outperforming others and having others resent or perceive you negatively because of it. This can lead to a reluctance to stand out or excel in certain areas for fear of social backlash or negative judgment.

Question 14

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____.

Accepted Answer

The term "rule of law" refers to the idea that everyone in a society is subject to the same laws and rules, and that those laws and rules are consistently and fairly enforced. When people in a society respect and follow the rules, it generally indicates that the rule of law is strong and effective. Choices A and B are not commonly used terms in discussions of legal or societal structures, and reciprocity effect refers to a psychological phenomenon that is not directly related to societal rule adherence.

Question 15

Equity and equality are two types of ____.

Accepted Answer

Equity and equality are two types of norms, which refer to the rules or expectations of behavior within a particular society or group.

Question 16

The positive emotion that results from the knowledge that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Gratitude is the positive emotion that arises from recognizing and appreciating the intentional, costly, and voluntary actions of another person that have benefited oneself. It involves feelings of thankfulness, appreciation, and a desire to repay the kindness shown. Joy and well-being are related to positive emotions, but they do not necessarily involve the recognition of another person's intentional and costly actions. Reciprocity refers to the exchange of favors or benefits between two or more people, and while it can involve gratitude, it is not the same thing.

Question 17

Suppose that you are working with a group of monkeys, and you give some monkeys a small reward (a cucumber)for performing a given task, while you give other monkeys a bigger and better reward (a banana)for performing the exact same task. Research suggests that the monkeys ____ compare their rewards, and that, as a result, ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that monkeys are capable of understanding the concept of fairness and get upset when they feel they have been treated unfairly. Giving some monkeys a smaller reward while others get a better reward for the same task creates a sense of unfairness. The monkeys who receive the cucumber, which is seen as an inferior reward, will become distressed when they see the other monkeys receiving a better reward, such as a banana. Therefore, the best answer is B.

Question 18

The management at Nargis's company tends to be fair. They treat people with respect, they do not make unrealistic demands on their employees, and they reward people appropriately. As a result, Nargis and her co-workers tend to be good "____"; they help one another out and they speak respectfully of their jobs.

Accepted Answer

The term "company citizens" implies a sense of belonging and responsibility to the organization, which aligns with the description of Nargis and her colleagues helping each other out and speaking positively about their jobs. The other options have negative connotations, such as being considered lower-class workers (serfs) or being controlled by management (management pawns). "Worker bees" may imply hardworking individuals, but does not capture the sense of community and mutual respect described in the passage.

Question 19

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. He received a total of 117 cards in return, as well as several phone calls-despite the fact that he did not know any of these people. Kunz's findings provide good evidence of ____.

Accepted Answer

Kunz's study demonstrates the principle of reciprocity, which suggests that people feel a social obligation to reciprocate when someone does something for them. In this case, the strangers who received Christmas cards from Kunz felt compelled to return the gesture by sending a card in return.

Question 20

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. What happened?

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, the sociologist...

Quiz 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others