Question 1

__________________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed.

Accepted Answer

Secret deviants are individuals who have engaged in rule-breaking behavior but whose actions have not been detected or labeled as deviant by others.

Question 2

__________ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders.

Accepted Answer

Pure deviants are individuals who have not only engaged in deviant behavior but have also been caught, punished, and subsequently labeled as outsiders by society. This contrasts with secret deviants, who engage in deviant behavior but are not caught or labeled, and the falsely accused, who are labeled as deviants without actually engaging in the behavior. Conformists, on the other hand, follow societal norms and are not involved in deviance.

Question 3

__________ are people that have not violated rules of a group and are treated accordingly.

Accepted Answer

Conformists are individuals who adhere to the rules and norms of a group and are treated as such because they have not violated any of these expectations.

Question 4

A U.S. Bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 58 percent of crime victims do not report the crime to police. This suggests that there are large numbers of __________ in U.S. society.

Accepted Answer

The term "secret deviants" refers to individuals who engage in deviant behavior but are not detected or reported, which aligns with the scenario of crimes not being reported to the police.

Question 5

Kai Erikson wrote, "The critical variable in the study of deviance, then, is the social audience rather than the individual actor since the social audience decides whether or not a behavior is deviant." This statement best corresponds with which theory of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's statement aligns with labeling theory, which posits that deviance is not inherent in an act but is instead the result of the labels society attaches to the act. The focus on the social audience's role in defining what is considered deviant is a core aspect of labeling theory.

Question 6

A social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine is known as a

Accepted Answer

A disciplinary society is characterized by the normalization of surveillance, where monitoring and regulating behavior become routine aspects of social life. This concept, closely associated with the work of philosopher Michel Foucault, describes how social order is maintained through subtle forms of surveillance rather than through overt coercion or spectacle.

Question 7

People whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away are known as

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviants are those whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away.

Question 8

A campaign to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that is believed to undermine a group or a country is known as

Accepted Answer

A witch hunt refers to a campaign to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that is believed to undermine a group or a country, often leading to unfounded accusations and unfair treatment.

Question 9

__________ are likely to be accused of a crime when the well-being of a country or group is threatened.

Accepted Answer

The falsely accused are often targeted during times of societal or national stress, as people look for scapegoats to blame for their problems. This phenomenon can lead to wrongful accusations against individuals who may not have committed any crime.

Question 10

The Panopticon is a metaphor for what Foucault calls

Accepted Answer

The Panopticon is a metaphor for the disciplinary society, where surveillance is used as a means of control and discipline, as discussed by Foucault in his analysis of modern power structures.

Question 11

After September 11, 2001, Muslims and Arab Americans have been caught up in a criminal investigation of historical proportions. From a sociological point of view, this criminal investigation qualifies as

Accepted Answer

This criminal investigation can be seen as a "witch hunt" from a sociological perspective because it involves the systematic targeting and persecution of a specific group (Muslims and Arab Americans) based on generalized suspicion or prejudice, rather than evidence of individual wrongdoing. This term historically refers to the pursuit of people accused of witchcraft, often without substantial evidence, and has come to describe any campaign directed against a person or people unjustly.

Question 12

Which one of the following is an assumption underlying labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory posits that deviance is not inherent in an act but is instead the result of the labels society attaches to it. It emphasizes the significance of society's reaction to the behavior, suggesting that individuals become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

Question 13

_______ are people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have.

Accepted Answer

The falsely accused are individuals who are treated as if they have broken the rules or laws, despite not having done so. This treatment is based on false accusations or misunderstandings.

Question 14

Durkheim's theory of deviance (crime)corresponds to a __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Durkheim's theory of deviance posits that crime and deviance are inherent and necessary parts of society, contributing to social cohesion and change, which aligns with the functionalist perspective. This perspective views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Question 15

A student writes, "I used to sell drugs. I was very careful. I watched who I sold to and didn't take any new customers. I was never caught." This student can be classified as

Accepted Answer

The student's behavior is an example of secret deviance, as they engaged in activities that violate social norms or laws (selling drugs) but were not publicly labeled or caught for their actions.

Question 16

A person takes on a(n)_______________ when his or her deviant status becomes more important than any other status he or she occupies.

Accepted Answer

A master status of deviant becomes the most important status a person occupies, overshadowing all other aspects of their identity, according to sociological theory. This concept is particularly relevant in the study of deviance and how society labels individuals.

Question 17

Reseachers Michael L. Radelet and Adam Bedau reviewed more than 800 cases of innocent people being convicted of capital crimes, and they found that 56 had

Accepted Answer

False confessions are a known phenomenon in the criminal justice system, where individuals may confess to crimes they did not commit due to various factors such as coercion, mental illness, or misunderstanding. Radelet and Bedau's research highlighted this issue among the cases they reviewed.

Question 18

People whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable, incidental, or insignificant are known as

Accepted Answer

Primary deviants are those whose rule-breaking behavior is seen as understandable or incidental, not a part of their identity or label.

Question 19

Prison populations include pure deviants and

Accepted Answer

The falsely accused are individuals who have been wrongfully convicted and are serving time in prison despite not having committed the crime, making them a distinct category within prison populations.

Question 20

Which one of the following statements best corresponds with Durkheim's perspective on deviance?

Accepted Answer

Durkheim believed that deviance is an inherent part of all societies and serves a social function, suggesting that it is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance.

Quiz 7: Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control: With Emphasis on Mass Surveillance