Question 1

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all part of the ____ lineage. ​

Accepted Answer

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all subclasses of Amphibia, which encompasses all modern frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. The other answer choices all represent different lineages within the broader class of Reptilia.

Question 2

The parasitic lampreys, living members of the ____ lineage, have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae. ​

Accepted Answer

Lampreys are part of the Petromyzontoidea lineage, which is the only option listed that contains lampreys.

Question 3

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy? ​

Accepted Answer

The swim bladder is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy. The spiral valve is found in the intestines, the operculum covers and protects the gills, the atrium is a chamber of the heart, and the lateral-line system helps fish detect vibrations and movements in the water.

Question 4

Legless caecilians belong to the ____ lineage.

Accepted Answer

Legless caecilians belong to the Gymnophiona lineage, which consists of over 200 species of limbless, burrowing amphibians also known as caecilians.

Question 5

Which structure is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes? ​

Accepted Answer

The operculum is a bony structure that covers and protects the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes. It helps to control the flow of water over the gills and allows the fish to extract oxygen from the water. The swim bladder is a gas-filled organ that helps the fish control its buoyancy, the spiral valve is a structure found in the intestines of some fish that increases the surface area for nutrient absorption, the atrium is a chamber of the heart, and the lateral-line system is a sensory system that helps fish detect movements and vibrations in the water.

Question 6

Living members of the ____ lineage include the sharks, skates, and rays, all of which have skeletons made entirely of cartilage. ​

Accepted Answer

The Chondrichthyes lineage includes sharks, skates, and rays, which are known for having skeletons made entirely of cartilage. Petromyzontoidea (lampreys) have a skeleton made of cartilage and bone, while Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) have a bony skeleton. Myxinoidea (hagfish) have a skull made of cartilage, but their body is mostly made of muscle and connective tissue. Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) have a bony skeleton and are ancestral to tetrapods.

Question 7

Along with lipids, the skin of amniotes is filled with ____ to help prevent water loss.

Accepted Answer

Keratin is a key component of the skin in amniotes, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. It forms a protective barrier that helps prevent water loss, along with lipids. Squalene is a lipid found in the skin, but it is not as important for preventing water loss as keratin. Bone and collagen are also components of the skin, but they do not play a significant role in water retention. Albumin is a protein found in blood, but it is not present in high enough quantities in the skin to provide water retention.

Question 8

Salamanders belong to the ____ lineage. ​

Accepted Answer

Salamanders belong to the Caudata lineage, which includes all salamanders and newts. The other options are not closely related to salamanders. Aves are birds, Squamata are snakes and lizards, Gymnophiona are caecilians, and Anura are frogs and toads.

Question 9

Living members of the ____ lineage have fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays. ​

Accepted Answer

The lineage described in the question refers to fish with fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays, which are characteristic of the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish).

Question 10

The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____, which diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods but left no direct descendants, had heads covered with large, heavy bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges. ​

Accepted Answer

The description of fishes with large, heavy bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges matches the characteristics of placoderms. Placoderms were a group of jawed fishes that diversified during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, but they did not leave any direct descendants.

Question 11

The living members of the ____ lineage, the hagfishes, are jawless vertebrates with axial skeletons composed of only a cranium and a notochord. ​

Accepted Answer

The description of the living members having a cranium and notochord matches the characteristics of the Myxinoidea lineage, which includes the hagfishes.

Question 12

According to the fossil record, tetrapods arose from ____.

Accepted Answer

The fossil record suggests that the first tetrapods likely arose from a group of lobe-finned fishes known as osteolepiforms.

Question 13

The ____ lineage contains the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony skeleton.

Accepted Answer

The Sarcopterygii lineage, also known as lobe-finned fishes, includes species with fleshy, muscular fins supported by bones, distinguishing them from other fish lineages.

Question 14

The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for ____. ​

Accepted Answer

The tympanum (eardrum) and stapes (a small bone in the ear) are both involved in the hearing process in tetrapods. The tympanum vibrates in response to sound waves and the stapes transmits those vibrations to the inner ear where they are processed as sound.

Question 15

Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of the ___ lineage. ​

Accepted Answer

Coelacanths and lungfish are both part of the Sarcopterygii lineage, also known as the lobe-finned fishes. This group includes all living and extinct fish that have fleshy fins supported by a central core of bones, which is a characteristic not found in other fish lineages.

Question 16

Several lineages of extinct ____ were jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three brain regions (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain). ​

Accepted Answer

The description matches that of ostracoderms, a group of extinct jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three distinct brain regions.

Question 17

Fossil tooth parts of extinct ____ suggest that these organisms were the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures.

Accepted Answer

Fossil tooth parts of conodonts suggest that they were the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures, specifically in their mineralized dental tissues. Acanthodians, osteolepiforms, placoderms, and ostracoderms all existed during the Paleozoic era, but they did not have the same type of mineralized dental tissues as the conodonts.

Question 18

Frogs and toads belong to the ____ lineage. ​

Accepted Answer

Frogs and toads both belong to the Anura lineage, which is characterized by their lack of tails and their saltatory locomotion (jumping).

Question 19

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Gnathostomes are characterized by the presence of jaws, which are hinged structures that allow for more efficient feeding and prey capture compared to non-jawed chordates. This innovation was a key factor in the success and diversification of gnathostome lineages. Bony scales, claspers, the operculum, and keratin are all features that may be present in some gnathostomes, but are not unique to this group.

Question 20

Which lineage has the largest number of Hox genes, reflecting their complex anatomy?

Accepted Answer

Vertebrates have the largest number of Hox genes, reflecting their complex anatomy. Hox genes are responsible for the patterning of body segments during development, and vertebrates have evolved complex body plans with many specialized segments.

Quiz 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all part of the ____ lineage.

The parasitic lampreys, living members of the ____ lineage, have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae.

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy?

Legless caecilians belong to the ____ lineage.

Which structure is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes?

Living members of the ____ lineage include the sharks, skates, and rays, all of which have skeletons made entirely of cartilage.

Along with lipids, the skin of amniotes is filled with ____ to help prevent water loss.

Salamanders belong to the ____ lineage.

Living members of the ____ lineage have fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays.

The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____, which diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods but left no direct descendants, had heads covered with large, heavy bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges.

The living members of the ____ lineage, the hagfishes, are jawless vertebrates with axial skeletons composed of only a cranium and a notochord.

According to the fossil record, tetrapods arose from ____.

The ____ lineage contains the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony skeleton.

The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for ____.

Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of the ___ lineage.

Several lineages of extinct ____ were jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three brain regions (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) .

Fossil tooth parts of extinct ____ suggest that these organisms were the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures.

Frogs and toads belong to the ____ lineage.

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of ____.

Which lineage has the largest number of Hox genes, reflecting their complex anatomy?

Quiz 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all part of the ____ lineage. ​

The parasitic lampreys, living members of the ____ lineage, have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae. ​

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy? ​

Legless caecilians belong to the ____ lineage.

Which structure is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes? ​

Living members of the ____ lineage include the sharks, skates, and rays, all of which have skeletons made entirely of cartilage. ​

Along with lipids, the skin of amniotes is filled with ____ to help prevent water loss.

Salamanders belong to the ____ lineage. ​

Living members of the ____ lineage have fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays. ​

The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____, which diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods but left no direct descendants, had heads covered with large, heavy bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges. ​

The living members of the ____ lineage, the hagfishes, are jawless vertebrates with axial skeletons composed of only a cranium and a notochord. ​

According to the fossil record, tetrapods arose from ____.

The ____ lineage contains the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony skeleton.

The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for ____. ​

Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of the ___ lineage. ​

Several lineages of extinct ____ were jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three brain regions (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) . ​

Fossil tooth parts of extinct ____ suggest that these organisms were the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures.

Frogs and toads belong to the ____ lineage. ​

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of ____. ​

Which lineage has the largest number of Hox genes, reflecting their complex anatomy?

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all part of the ____ lineage.

The parasitic lampreys, living members of the ____ lineage, have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae.

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy?

Which structure is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes?

Living members of the ____ lineage include the sharks, skates, and rays, all of which have skeletons made entirely of cartilage.

Salamanders belong to the ____ lineage.

Living members of the ____ lineage have fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays.

The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____, which diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods but left no direct descendants, had heads covered with large, heavy bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges.

The living members of the ____ lineage, the hagfishes, are jawless vertebrates with axial skeletons composed of only a cranium and a notochord.

The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for ____.

Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of the ___ lineage.

Several lineages of extinct ____ were jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three brain regions (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) .

Frogs and toads belong to the ____ lineage.

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of ____.