Question 1

Which social bond refers to how much a person has invested in conventional society, or how much he or she has to lose?

Accepted Answer

Commitment refers to the investments an individual has in conventional activities, the idea being that the more a person has invested in following societal norms and achieving within the system, the more they have to lose by engaging in deviance or criminal behavior. This concept is part of Hirschi's social bond theory, which posits that people are less likely to commit crimes when they have strong bonds to society.

Question 2

When parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency. This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Reflected appraisals refer to the process by which individuals form their self-image based on how they believe others view them. When parents alienate their children and label them negatively, these children may internalize these perceptions, leading to a reduced self-image and potentially increased delinquency.

Question 3

Bullies have children who bully others, and these "second-generation bullies" grow up to become fathers of children who also become bullies.

Accepted Answer

Bullies often have children who bully others, and these "second-generation bullies" grow up to become fathers of children who also become bullies. This is because bullying behavior is often learned from parents and other adults in a child's life.

Question 4

Almost half of all female dropouts left school because they were pregnant or had already given birth.

Accepted Answer

According to data from the National Women's Law Center, pregnancy is a significant reason why girls drop out of school, with nearly half of female dropouts citing pregnancy or parenthood as a reason for leaving school.

Question 5

The theory of _______ presupposes a condition that allows people to explain away unconventional norms and values by using such statements as "I didn't mean to do it" and "I didn't really hurt anybody."

Accepted Answer

The theory of neutralization suggests that individuals justify or excuse their deviant behaviors by adopting attitudes or beliefs that negate the moral significance of their actions. This allows them to neutralize feelings of guilt or shame associated with violating social norms, using justifications like "I didn't mean to do it" or "I didn't really hurt anybody."

Question 6

Thirty million American kids live below the poverty line.

Accepted Answer

According to the question, thirty million American kids live below the poverty line.

Question 7

Research conducted in both the United States and abroad shows that children raised in homes with one or both parents absent may be prone to antisocial behavior.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have found correlations between parental absence and an increased risk of antisocial behavior in children, suggesting that the presence and involvement of parents play a crucial role in a child's social development.

Question 8

According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce:

Accepted Answer

Social reaction theory, also known as labeling theory, posits that labels applied to individuals influence their self-identity and can lead to stigma, affecting their behavior and how they are perceived by society.

Question 9

Kids whose parents go to prison are much more likely to be at risk for delinquency than children of nonincarcerated parents

Accepted Answer

Children whose parents are incarcerated often face significant emotional, social, and economic challenges, which can increase their risk of engaging in delinquent behavior due to factors such as stigma, instability, and reduced parental guidance.

Question 10

Which of the following occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social-control agents who then apply a negative label?

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviance occurs when a person's deviant behavior is recognized and labeled by society, leading to further deviance as a response to the label and societal reactions.

Question 11

Which type of deviance is the result of the criminal label?

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviance results from the societal reaction to the initial (primary) deviance, particularly through labeling someone as a criminal, which can lead to further deviant behavior.

Question 12

Labeling theorists use a(n) ______ definition of crime.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theorists adopt an interactionist definition of crime, focusing on the processes through which certain behaviors are labeled as criminal and understanding how those labels affect individuals and their interactions with others.

Question 13

Which social bond refers to how much time an individual engages in noncriminal activities?

Accepted Answer

Involvement refers to the amount of time an individual spends engaged in conventional activities, such as work or hobbies, which leaves less time for engaging in criminal activities.

Question 14

Which is not an element of the social bond?

Accepted Answer

Achievement is not considered an element of the social bond. The elements of the social bond, according to Travis Hirschi's social control theory, are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Question 15

Which social bond refers to how much an individual cares about what others think of them?

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the emotional and social ties an individual has with others, which often includes caring about others' opinions and expectations. This bond influences behavior by motivating individuals to adhere to social norms and expectations to maintain these relationships.

Question 16

Which of the following occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten?

Accepted Answer

Primary deviance refers to minor, often initial, acts of deviance that do not impact an individual's self-concept or performance of social roles significantly. These actions are not strongly sanctioned by society and can be quickly overlooked or forgotten.

Question 17

Youths who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and in which there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to the crime-promoting forces in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Exposure to conflict, tension, and a lack of familial love and support in the household can increase a youth's susceptibility to external influences, including those that may promote criminal behavior, as it can affect their emotional and social development.

Question 18

In his ______, Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Reckless's containment theory posits that a strong, positive self-concept can protect individuals from succumbing to antisocial behaviors and pressures, acting as an inner containment. This theory emphasizes the role of internal controls and a positive self-image in resisting criminal influences.

Question 19

The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is ______ theory.

Accepted Answer

Social bond theory posits that the weakening of the ties that bind people to society can lead to the onset of criminality. It emphasizes the importance of social relationships and commitments in preventing deviant behavior.

Question 20

One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____, which brings about a reassessment of one's self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by others, such as parents.

Accepted Answer

Reflected appraisals refer to the process by which individuals come to understand themselves based on how they believe others perceive them. This concept is crucial in the study of labeling and its effects on self-identity, as individuals often internalize and adjust their self-image based on the perceptions and judgments of others, such as parents or peers.

Quiz 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization and Society