Question 1

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include _____.

Accepted Answer

Low level of HDL is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. High HDL levels are associated with lower rates of cardiovascular diseases. The other answer choices (A, C, D, E) are actually protective factors against cardiovascular diseases.

Question 2

An environmental factor that causes cancer is _____.

Accepted Answer

Radiation is an environmental factor that has been definitively linked to an increased risk of cancer. Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as medical radiation or exposure to radioactive materials, can damage DNA and lead to mutations that can lead to cancer over time.

Question 3

Eating 1½ cups of cooked oatmeal a day has been shown to reduce LDL by 10-15%.

Accepted Answer

According to several studies, consuming 1½ cups of cooked oatmeal daily can lead to a 10-15% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels.

Question 4

Bariatric surgery is reserved for patients with clinically severe obesity and those who have BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with high risk for obesity-related morbidity or mortality.

Accepted Answer

Bariatric surgery is reserved for patients with clinically severe obesity and those who have BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with high risk for obesity-related morbidity or mortality, as determined by a healthcare professional. Therefore, statement A is true.

Question 5

A majority of cancers develop in _____.

Accepted Answer

The majority of cancers develop in epithelial tissue, which covers the surface of organs and tissues in the body. This includes cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer, among others.

Question 6

The leading cause of death for adults aged 24-44 is _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, injury (including unintentional injuries, suicides, and homicides) is the leading cause of death for adults aged 24-44 in the United States.

Question 7

The hyperinsulinemic state related to insulin insensitivity is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true.

Question 8

The loss of desire to eat or aversion to food related to disease, treatment, and/or emotional distress is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

The loss of desire to eat or aversion to food is known as anorexia. Cachexia refers to severe weight loss and muscle wasting, often seen in advanced stages of chronic diseases such as cancer or HIV/AIDS. Gastrointestinal reflux is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing discomfort. Metabolic syndrome and prediabetes are conditions related to insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar levels.

Question 9

Metabolic obesity occurs when the body weight set point shifts to a higher level due to alterations of the energy balance system.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic obesity is a type of obesity that results from disruptions in the body's energy balance system, causing the body weight set point to increase. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetics, and lifestyle choices.

Question 10

Gut microbiota influence the release of several metabolites and hormones that communicate from the gastrointestinal tract to the appetite regulatory centers in the brain through nerve signaling pathways.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Gut microbiota have been found to release metabolites and hormones that can influence the appetite regulatory centers in the brain through nerve signaling pathways. Examples of these include ghrelin, leptin, and short-chain fatty acids.

Question 11

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that can develop because of _____.

Accepted Answer

High blood levels of homocysteine can damage the inner lining of blood vessels, leading to the development of atherosclerosis. Other risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes. Relaxation of blood vessels or depletion of plaque are not risk factors, and low blood levels of glucose or insulin are usually associated with other conditions such as hypoglycemia or diabetes.

Question 12

Atherosclerotic lesions begin to form in adolescence and early adulthood and gradually decline through the decades.

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic lesions begin to form in adolescence and early adulthood but do not decline through the decades; instead, they tend to progress and become more severe with age.

Question 13

Viscous fiber facilitates the movement of water in the gut, forming a liquid gel that increases absorption of cholesterol-rich bile acids and carries them throughout the body.

Accepted Answer

Viscous fiber does indeed facilitate the movement of water in the gut, forming a gel-like substance, but it doesn't increase the absorption of cholesterol-rich bile acids to carry them throughout the body. Instead, it helps to trap these bile acids and then excrete them, which can lead to a reduction in overall cholesterol levels in the body.

Question 14

Studies show that overweight and obesity result entirely from taking in more energy than you are expending.

Accepted Answer

While energy imbalance (consuming more calories than are expended) is a key factor in gaining weight, studies show that overweight and obesity are also influenced by genetics, environment, metabolism, and behavior, making the issue more complex than simple energy intake and expenditure.

Question 15

The physiological effects of atherosclerosis include _____.

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaques build up on the inner walls of arteries, leading to narrowing and decreased flexibility of the blood vessels. This can lead to decreased blood flow and increased blood pressure, as well as decreased overall cardiovascular function. None of the other choices accurately describe the physiological effects of atherosclerosis.

Question 16

Which of the following is a nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

Cooking meats at high temperatures can produce harmful compounds, so avoiding them is a guideline for cancer prevention.

Question 17

Metabolic syndrome designates a cluster of unaltered metabolic conditions.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic syndrome refers to a cluster of altered metabolic conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Question 18

African Americans with very high BMIs may be underdiagnosed for metabolic syndrome if the diagnosis criteria relies on triglyceride levels as a marker.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that African Americans tend to have lower triglyceride levels even with high BMIs, which can lead to underdiagnosis of metabolic syndrome if triglycerides are used as a criteria for diagnosis. Therefore, other markers such as waist circumference should also be considered.

Question 19

Which nutrition-related factor is associated with increased cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Salt-preserved foods have been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, such as stomach cancer, due to the formation of carcinogenic compounds during the preservation process. Whole grains, garlic, and foods containing calcium have been associated with potential cancer prevention benefits, while the effects of coffee on cancer risk are still unclear.

Question 20

Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Accepted Answer

Carcinogenesis is the process of transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.

Quiz 17: Adult Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions