Question 1

________ saw emotions as the basis for moral thought.

Accepted Answer

Hume believed that emotions, particularly moral sentiments such as sympathy and empathy, were the foundation of moral thought. He argued that reason and logic alone could not determine moral values, but that they were instead influenced by our emotions and passions.

Question 2

________ refers to a kind of magical thinking in which accidents are seen as cases of divine retribution.

Accepted Answer

Immanent justice is the belief that there is an inherent moral order to the universe, and that good deeds are rewarded while bad deeds are punished, often in this life, rather than the afterlife. Accidents or misfortunes, therefore, are seen as a form of divine retribution for past behavior.

Question 3

Dr.Fitch believes that there is no reason to consider moral thought because moral thoughts are largely afterthoughts, which occur after we commit a moral action.Dr.Fitch is likely a ________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Margaret Mead studied the development of magical thinking in traditional people in Papua New Guinea.She found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Margaret Mead studied the development of magical...

Question 5

The philosopher Rousseau believed that:

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed in the concept of "natural goodness" or "noble savage," which suggests that humans are born pure and inherently good. He argued that it is society and institutions that corrupt individuals and their morals, not their innate nature. Therefore, he believed that young children are inherently good.

Question 6

In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding suggests:

Accepted Answer

Golding's novel showcases how a group of boys, when left without the constraints of adult society, descend into chaos and savagery. This suggests that children are inherently antisocial and require the guidance and discipline provided by society to become civilized. Golding's message is that the innate darkness in human nature must be acknowledged and controlled to prevent it from taking over.

Question 7

The French physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, worked with Victor, the "wild child." Which statement best characterizes Itard?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The French physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard,...

Question 8

Nell is growing up in the United States and Yoko is growing up in Japan.Research on moral thought suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Research on moral thought suggests that individuals in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, are more likely to make decisions based on duties to the larger group. Therefore, Yoko, growing up in Japan, is more likely than Nell, growing up in the United States, to make decisions based on duties to the larger group.

Question 9

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children.Javier participated in this task in his small Mexican town.Jason participated in this task in Chicago.What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences often influence behavior, with many studies suggesting that individuals from collectivist societies (like many found in Mexico) tend to cooperate more than those from individualistic societies (such as the United States).

Question 10

________ theory argues that younger children often focus on one dimension of a problem while older children are capable of considering several dimensions at once.

Accepted Answer

Information integration theory suggests that younger children tend to focus on a single aspect of a problem, whereas older children can integrate multiple dimensions or aspects simultaneously.

Question 11

According to Piaget, children progress through the stages of moral reasoning in the following order:

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children progress through the stages of moral reasoning in the order of premoral, heteronomous, and then autonomous. In the premoral stage, young children are unable to distinguish between moral rules and social conventions. In the heteronomous stage, which typically starts around age 5 or 6, children view rules as fixed and handed down by authority figures. They see rules as unchangeable and believe that breaking them will inevitably result in punishment. However, in the autonomous stage, which starts at around age 10 or 11, children begin to view rules as flexible agreements among individuals. They can understand that rules may change and can be negotiated through a process of mutual agreement.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychologists and cultural psychologists both reject the notion that children are inherently good or bad. Instead, they acknowledge that children's behavior and development are influenced by a combination of biological, environmental, and cultural factors.

Question 13

All of the following are true of Piaget's theory of moral development EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Piaget did not claim that moral thought is a separate cognitive domain; rather, he integrated moral development within his broader theory of cognitive development.

Question 14

All of the following statements are true of the evolutionary view of morality EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychologists do not believe that young children have inherent moral natures or are born good or bad. Instead, they believe that moral development is shaped by a combination of innate tendencies and cultural influences.

Question 15

According to Rousseau, the primary goal of child rearing should be:

Accepted Answer

According to Rousseau, children are born inherently good and are corrupted by society. Therefore, the primary goal of child rearing should be to shield children from society's corrupting influences and preserve their inherent goodness.

Question 16

The concrete operational stage roughly corresponds with which of the following stages of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The concrete operational stage, as described by Piaget, corresponds with the heteronomous stage of moral reasoning. In this stage, children view rules as fixed and unchangeable, often imposed by authority figures, which aligns with the characteristics of the heteronomous stage.

Question 17

Mitchell is in the cognitive developmental stage of formal operations.Which stage of moral reasoning would Mitchell be in?

Accepted Answer

Mitchell's cognitive developmental stage of formal operations suggests that he has reached the level of abstract and hypothetical thinking. This means that he would have developed the ability to reason at a higher level of analysis and to think critically about abstract concepts such as justice and fairness. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals at this stage would be in the autonomous stage, where they base their moral judgments on universal ethical principles rather than on authority or social norms.

Question 18

All of the following are claims made by cultural psychologists EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

This is because cultural psychologists generally reject the idea of a single dominant moral belief system that applies universally across all cultures. They argue that morality is shaped by cultural beliefs and values, which vary across different societies and historical periods.

Question 19

Researchers examined preschoolers' ideas about social conventions, moral laws, and inviolable physical laws.They found:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that even at a young age, children can grasp the fundamental distinctions between social conventions (norms and rules that guide behavior in social contexts), moral laws (principles concerning right and wrong behavior), and physical laws (natural laws that govern how the physical world operates). This understanding helps them navigate their social environments effectively.

Question 20

________ are arbitrary rules jointly agreed to by a group or a society to facilitate interaction and coordinate activity.

Accepted Answer

Social conventions are commonly agreed upon and followed guidelines for social behavior and interaction within a group or society. Examples of social conventions include shaking hands as a greeting, standing in line, or wearing certain clothing for specific occasions. They are not necessarily enforceable by law or punishment, but violations may result in social disapproval or exclusion. Cultural concords refers to agreements between different cultures, moral laws involve a personal code of conduct based on ethical principles, and social institutions are more formalized and structured groups within society such as schools, governments, and religions.

Quiz 12: Morality in Thought and Action