Question 1

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking? ​
A)He presented participants with moral dilemmas.
B)He observed moral behavior in laboratory experiments. ​
C)He observed moral behavior in real-life experiments.
D)He reviewed newspaper accounts on acts of bravery and acts of violence.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg used moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma (a husband stealing medicine for his dying wife), to assess the reasoning behind participants' moral decisions. He was interested in the reasoning process and justification for a particular decision, rather than the decision itself.

Question 2

Claude, a Baptist teenager, reads a flawed study showing that Baptists are smarter than most people. Then he reads a second study with similar flaws proposing that Baptists are poor leaders. What would you predict will happen?
A)He would overlook the flaws in the first study and dismiss the findings of the second study.
B)He would now believe that Baptists are poor leaders.
C)He would now believe that Baptists are both smarter and poor leaders.
D)He would dismiss the findings of the first study and overlook the flaws in the second study.

Accepted Answer

Claude is likely to exhibit confirmation bias, where he overlooks flaws in information that supports his beliefs and dismisses information that contradicts them.

Question 3

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma? ​
A)Are humans naturally violent or passive?
B)Can stealing be justified?
C)Is there a God?
D)Is the correct term "catsup" or "ketchup?"

Accepted Answer

The Heinz dilemma centers around the moral question of whether stealing can be justified in a certain circumstance. Specifically, it asks whether it is morally permissible for Heinz to steal medicine to save his wife's life, even though he cannot afford to pay for it. Thus, the basic moral question underlying this dilemma is whether the ends justify the means, and whether it is acceptable to violate someone else's property rights in order to save a life.

Question 4

When asked how she makes moral judgments, 15-year-old Eli says, "I do what my daddy says is right." This comment indicates that he is in the ____ level of moral thinking.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)unconventional

Accepted Answer

In the preconventional level of moral thinking, individuals base their decisions on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. Eli's response shows that he is relying on the authority figure in his life to guide his moral judgments, which is a characteristic of the preconventional level.

Question 5

In ____ reasoning, adolescents recognize the hazards in making generalizations from extremely small samples.
A)scientific
B)heuristic
C)logical
D)formal operations

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ____ reasoning, adolescents recognize the hazards...

Question 6

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables , a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act?
A)Kohlberg would not be surprised because he saw humans as morally corrupt.
B)Kohlberg would argue that the act of theft is not in and of itself immoral, depending on the rationale for the theft.
C)Kohlberg would have expected the theft if the child were Valjean's but not if the child belonged to someone else.
D)Kohlberg would have expected the theft but only if Valjean were operating at the lowest level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes the idea that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning, and that the morality of an action depends on the intention and reasoning behind it. Kohlberg might argue that in this case, Valjean's intention was to provide for a child in need, which could be seen as an act of compassion and could be justified according to certain moral frameworks. Kohlberg would consider the reasoning behind the act rather than the act itself in determining its moral worth.

Question 7

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on ____ when making a moral judgment. ​
A)adherence to laws
B)adherence to a personal moral code
C)obedience to authority
D)random guessing

Accepted Answer

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on obedience to authority when making a moral judgment. This means they base their decisions on avoiding punishment and conforming to the rules set by those in power, rather than on a personal moral code or broader ethical principles.

Question 8

According to Kohlberg,
A)there is only one correct response to any moral dilemma.
B)religious arguments concerning moral issues are the strongest.
C)the reason underlying a moral decision is more important than the action taken.
D)moral reasoning is too complex to be accurately assessed.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that the underlying reason or motivation for a moral decision is more important than the actual action taken. He also believed in a hierarchical stage model of moral development, where individuals progress through different stages of moral reasoning as they mature. He did not believe there was only one correct response to a moral dilemma, and did not give preference to religious arguments as the strongest. While moral reasoning can be complex, Kohlberg believed it can be assessed through the use of moral dilemmas and open-ended questions.

Question 9

Adolescents develop ____ reasoning, which allows them to find weaknesses in arguments. ​
A)heuristic
B)logical
C)egocentric
D)inflative

Accepted Answer

Adolescents develop logical reasoning, which allows them to find weaknesses in arguments. Heuristic refers to a mental shortcut or rule of thumb, egocentric refers to self-centered thinking, and inflative is not a recognized term in developmental psychology.

Question 10

What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites? ​
A)He would begin to reconsider his anti-Asian stance.
B)He would dismiss the study as being flawed.
C)He would now view Asians as more intelligent.
D)He would now views Asians as even less intelligent.

Accepted Answer

Duke's white supremacist beliefs are deeply ingrained and his reaction to this scientific study would likely be to dismiss it as flawed rather than change his beliefs.

Question 11

When considering the Heinz dilemma, Tony says that he would not steal the drug because his mommy told him that stealing was wrong, and people who steal get into trouble. This consideration indicates that Tony is most likely in Kohlberg's ____ stage of moral development. ​
A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Accepted Answer

Tony's reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and following rules set by authority figures, which aligns with Kohlberg's first stage of moral development, the "Obedience and Punishment Orientation."

Question 12

According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are ____ levels of moral reasoning, each containing ____ stages. ​
A)two; two
B)three; two
C)two; three
D)three; three

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are...

Question 13

Payton is 16 and his brother Eli is 10. When trying to pick the winner of the Super Bowl,
A)Payton will be more analytic, and Eli will be likely to use a heuristic.
B)Eli will be more analytic, and Payton will be likely to use a heuristic.
C)Payton will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Eli will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.
D)Eli will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Payton will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.

Accepted Answer

Based on their ages, Payton is likely to have developed more advanced cognitive skills, including critical thinking and analysis skills, compared to his younger brother Eli. These skills are necessary to make informed decisions and base conclusions on evidence rather than intuition or 'rules of thumb' that are commonly used in heuristic thinking. Eli, on the other hand, is more likely to rely on heuristic thinking, which is a mental shortcut that uses intuitive judgments to make decisions, given his age and cognitive development. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice.

Question 14

As a typical young teen, Maurice would be best at detecting ____ flaws in arguments.
A)heuristic
B)logical
C)post operational
D)egocentric

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, logical thinking emerges during early adolescence, which is typically between the ages of 11-14. Maurice, being a typical young teen, would be in this stage and therefore would be best at detecting logical flaws in arguments. Heuristic flaws may be more difficult for him to detect at this age, as they require more abstract and hypothetical thinking. Post operational and egocentric flaws are characteristics of younger children and would not apply to Maurice's age group.

Question 15

Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation tends to occur at the ____ level of moral thinking.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)unconventional

Accepted Answer

Instrumental orientation is a focus on self-interest and the consequences of actions for personal gain or loss. This type of moral reasoning is typically seen in preconventional stages of moral development, where individuals are primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and obtaining rewards.

Question 16

Kohlberg used the label ____ when referring to the first level of moral reasoning. ​
A)preoperational
B)prepositional
C)preconventional
D)prepubertal

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning is known as the preconventional level, which spans from childhood to early adolescence. In this level, moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards.

Question 17

Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge?
A)Increased expertise
B)Increased memory capacity
C)Increased processing speed
D)Increased metacognitive skills

Accepted Answer

Increased expertise is most closely associated with increased content knowledge. As individuals gain expertise in a particular subject, their understanding and mastery of the content increases, resulting in greater knowledge and understanding. While increased memory capacity, processing speed, and metacognitive skills can certainly be beneficial to learning, they are not necessarily directly linked to increased content knowledge.

Question 18

On a trip to Spain with their family, Dora (age 5)and her sister Cora (age 15)meet two Spanish girls who invite them to play a game with them. When drawing conclusions about Spanish people, ​
A)both Dora and Cora will conclude that all people from Spain are friendly.
B)both Dora and Cora will be wary of concluding that all people from Spain are friendly.
C)Cora will conclude that all people from Spain are friendly, and Dora will be wary of concluding that all people from Spain are friendly.
D)Dora will conclude that all people from Spain are friendly, and Cora will be wary of concluding that all people from Spain are friendly.

Accepted Answer

Dora, being younger, is more likely to generalize from a single experience and conclude that all people from Spain are friendly. Cora, being older, is more likely to understand that one experience does not represent all people and will be more cautious in making such generalizations.

Question 19

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.
A)internal
B)biological
C)innate
D)external

Accepted Answer

Preconventional moral reasoning is focused on external forces like punishment and reward. At this stage, a person's behavior is motivated by avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. It is not based on internal values or ethics.

Question 20

Heuristics tend to be very  ​
A)sophisticated.
B)fast.
C)accurate.
D)analytical.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick decisions without analyzing all the available information. As a result, they tend to be fast but may not always be accurate or sophisticated.

Quiz 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking?

Claude, a Baptist teenager, reads a flawed study showing that Baptists are smarter than most people. Then he reads a second study with similar flaws proposing that Baptists are poor leaders. What would you predict will happen?

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma?

When asked how she makes moral judgments, 15-year-old Eli says, "I do what my daddy says is right." This comment indicates that he is in the ____ level of moral thinking.

In ____ reasoning, adolescents recognize the hazards in making generalizations from extremely small samples.

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables , a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act?

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on ____ when making a moral judgment.

According to Kohlberg,

Adolescents develop ____ reasoning, which allows them to find weaknesses in arguments.

What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites?

When considering the Heinz dilemma, Tony says that he would not steal the drug because his mommy told him that stealing was wrong, and people who steal get into trouble. This consideration indicates that Tony is most likely in Kohlberg's ____ stage of moral development.

According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are levels of moral reasoning, each containing stages.

Payton is 16 and his brother Eli is 10. When trying to pick the winner of the Super Bowl,

As a typical young teen, Maurice would be best at detecting ____ flaws in arguments.

Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation tends to occur at the ____ level of moral thinking.

Kohlberg used the label ____ when referring to the first level of moral reasoning.

Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge?

On a trip to Spain with their family, Dora (age 5) and her sister Cora (age 15) meet two Spanish girls who invite them to play a game with them. When drawing conclusions about Spanish people,

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.

Heuristics tend to be very

Quiz 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking? ​

Claude, a Baptist teenager, reads a flawed study showing that Baptists are smarter than most people. Then he reads a second study with similar flaws proposing that Baptists are poor leaders. What would you predict will happen?

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma? ​