Question 1

When testing for the A antigen in a patient,what would you use to perform the test?
A) Patient's plasma and commercial A red cells
B) Commercial A cells and anti-A
C) Patient's red cells and anti-A
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

For antigen testing,antigens are on the red cell; antibodies are in the antisera (commercial antibodies).

Question 2

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
-Part of the antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to
A)Kappa
B)Epitope
C)Hinge region
D)Isotype
E)Idiotype

Accepted Answer

An epitope, also known as an antigenic determinant, is the specific part of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an immunoglobulin (such as an antibody). This allows for targeted recognition and elimination of foreign substances in the body.

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin class is impacted by the zeta potential in a hemagglutination test?
A) IgM
B) IgG
C) IgA
D) IgE

Accepted Answer

IgG is a small molecule that cannot span the distance between red cells suspended in saline.The zeta potential prevents direct agglutination with IgG molecules.

Question 4

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgE is associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation.

Question 5

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Has the highest number of antigen binding sites
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgM has 10 antigen binding sites, which is the highest among all immunoglobulin classes.

Question 6

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Associated with immediate-spin in vitro reactions
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgM is associated with immediate-spin in vitro reactions due to its pentameric structure, which allows it to agglutinate antigens effectively at room temperature.

Question 7

Hemolysis was observed at room temperature when testing a patient's serum with reagent red cells used for screening.When this test was repeated using the patient's plasma,no hemolysis was observed.What was the most likely explanation for the different reactions?
A) The plasma sample was collected incorrectly.
B) The serum sample was contaminated.
C) Complement activation was inhibited by calcium in the plasma sample.
D) The serum sample was fresher.

Accepted Answer

Complement can be activated by some red cell antibodies; however,fresh serum samples are necessary to observe this reaction.Plasma samples contain calcium to inhibit the coagulation cascade,which also will inhibit complement activation.

Question 8

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Has the highest serum concentration
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgG has the highest serum concentration among all immunoglobulin classes.

Question 9

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Efficient in activation of the complement cascade
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgM is the most efficient immunoglobulin in activating the complement cascade due to its pentameric structure, which allows it to bind multiple complement proteins simultaneously.

Question 10

A technologist added 4 drops of a 5% red cell suspension instead of the required 1 drop to a hemagglutination test.What is the potential consequence to the test results?
A) False-positive
B) False-negative
C) Hemolysis due to complement activation
D) Test results are not affected

Accepted Answer

Postzone occurs when the concentration of antigen exceeds the number of antibodies present.The amount of agglutinates formed under these circumstances is also suboptimal and diminished.

Question 11

Which of the following requires adjustment in order to enhance the reaction of an antibody in vitro?
A) Temperature above 37° C
B) Speed of the centrifuge above the calibrated settings
C) Increase the concentration of red cells in the test system
D) Increase the incubation time in the incubator

Accepted Answer

Increasing incubation time is effective in increasing antibody reactions; however,optimal temperatures,centrifugation,and antigen concentrations are normally not altered when performing routine transfusion service testing.

Question 12

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
-Variable region of an immunoglobulin
A)Kappa
B)Epitope
C)Hinge region
D)Isotype
E)Idiotype

Accepted Answer

The variable region of an immunoglobulin is called the idiotype. The other options refer to different aspects of immunoglobulins: 
- Kappa and lambda are two types of light chains found in immunoglobulins. 
- Epitope is the specific region of an antigen that binds to an antibody. 
- Hinge region is the flexible segment that connects the two heavy chains and allows for movement and flexibility of the antibody molecule. 
- Isotype refers to the class or subtype of immunoglobulin, such as IgG or IgE.

Question 13

Which of the following components in the complement cascade mediates the lysis of the target cells?
A) C1qrs
B) C4a, C3a, and C5a
C) C5 to C9
D) C3a and C3b

Accepted Answer

The membrane attack complex includes the C5 to C9 proteins that mediate lysis of the target cell.

Question 14

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Found in secretions,such as breast milk
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgA is found in secretions such as breast milk.

Question 15

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
-One of the two types of light chains
A)Kappa
B)Epitope
C)Hinge region
D)Isotype
E)Idiotype

Accepted Answer

Kappa is one of the two types of light chains found in immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies. The other type of light chain is called lambda.

Question 16

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Associated with intravascular cell destruction
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgM is the immunoglobulin class most associated with intravascular cell destruction due to its ability to activate the complement system efficiently, leading to cell lysis.

Question 17

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
-The type of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain
A)Kappa
B)Epitope
C)Hinge region
D)Isotype
E)Idiotype

Accepted Answer

Isotype refers to the type of immunoglobulin determined by the heavy chain, such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The other options are:
A) Kappa: a type of light chain in immunoglobulins
B) Epitope: the specific region on an antigen that binds to an antibody
C) Hinge region: the flexible region connecting the heavy chains in an antibody
E) Idiotype: the unique variable region on an antibody that recognizes and binds to specific antigens.

Question 18

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
-Able to cross the placenta
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Accepted Answer

IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus.

Question 19

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
-Imparts flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule
A)Kappa
B)Epitope
C)Hinge region
D)Isotype
E)Idiotype

Accepted Answer

The hinge region is responsible for imparting flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule, allowing it to bind to different types of antigens. The other options refer to different aspects of immunoglobulin structure and function, but do not specifically relate to flexibility.

Quiz 2: Immunology: Basic Principles and Applications in the Blood Bank

When testing for the A antigen in a patient,what would you use to perform the test?

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions. -Part of the antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to

Which immunoglobulin class is impacted by the zeta potential in a hemagglutination test?

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Has the highest number of antigen binding sites

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Associated with immediate-spin in vitro reactions

Hemolysis was observed at room temperature when testing a patient's serum with reagent red cells used for screening.When this test was repeated using the patient's plasma,no hemolysis was observed.What was the most likely explanation for the different reactions?

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Has the highest serum concentration

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Efficient in activation of the complement cascade

A technologist added 4 drops of a 5% red cell suspension instead of the required 1 drop to a hemagglutination test.What is the potential consequence to the test results?

Which of the following requires adjustment in order to enhance the reaction of an antibody in vitro?

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions. -Variable region of an immunoglobulin

Which of the following components in the complement cascade mediates the lysis of the target cells?

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Found in secretions,such as breast milk

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions. -One of the two types of light chains

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Associated with intravascular cell destruction

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions. -The type of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain

MATCHING Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once. -Able to cross the placenta

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions. -Imparts flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule