Question 1

The ____ ensures that a clinical trial is terminated if it can be shown that continuation of the experiment could cause more death or disability than pre-existing standard treatments.

Accepted Answer

The Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) is responsible for periodically reviewing data from a clinical trial to ensure that subjects are not being exposed to undue risk, and can recommend that the trial be terminated if necessary. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing and approving research studies involving human subjects, but does not have the authority to terminate a trial. NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) is a survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to assess the health and nutritional status of Americans. The PHS (Public Health Service) is a federal agency that is involved in a variety of health-related activities.

Question 2

The ____ is a set of guiding principles that limit the scope and nature of experiments using human subjects.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg code is a set of ethical principles for human experimentation created as a result of the Nuremberg trials at the end of World War II. It established the requirement for informed consent and the minimization of harm to human subjects, among other guidelines. The Geneva code and Berlin code are not specific to human experimentation, and the Luxemburg code does not exist.

Question 3

The most scientifically valid research is prospective research.

Accepted Answer

Prospective research is considered the most scientifically valid because it involves following a group of individuals over time and collecting data on the development of a particular condition or outcome. This allows for the examination of cause-and-effect relationships and minimizes the risk of bias or confounding variables.

Question 4

Research should be permitted to begin or continue if there are indications that the research will serve the greater good,.even when researchers believe that death or permanent disability could occur for a small number of participants.

Accepted Answer

Research involving risks of death or permanent disability must adhere to strict ethical guidelines, ensuring informed consent, minimizing risks, and obtaining approval from an ethics committee. The potential benefit to the greater good does not justify exposing participants to such high risks without stringent safeguards.

Question 5

Regulations currently require that the public be informed, through various mechanisms of disclosure such as newspaper advertisements or television spots, of clinical trials.

Accepted Answer

Regulations do require disclosure of clinical trials to the public through various mechanisms of disclosure.

Question 6

Retrospective data analysis is rarely used in performance improvement.

Accepted Answer

Retrospective data analysis is commonly used in performance improvement as it involves examining past data to identify areas for improvement.

Question 7

____ emphasizes process and system thinking and is evident when Paramedics participate in performance improvement committees and multi-agency planning.

Accepted Answer

Kaizen is a management philosophy that emphasizes continuous improvement through a collaborative approach involving all employees. It emphasizes process and system thinking, which is evident when paramedics participate in performance improvement committees and multi-agency planning. Cooper and Joliet do not relate to this concept, and Nightingale is more known for her contributions to nursing than to management philosophy.

Question 8

The third principle of ethical research deals with the question of ____, meaning that one group of people should not bear all the risks of research when the benefits of said research would benefit all persons in the larger society.

Accepted Answer

The principle of justice relates to the fair distribution of benefits and burdens in research. It is essential to ensure that research participants are not exploited and that the benefits of research are distributed equitably among all members of society. One group of people should not bear all the risks of research when the benefits are intended for everyone.

Question 9

An electronic librarian is trained in research techniques and can help the Paramedic develop a search strategy to identify which articles will be most helpful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An electronic librarian is trained in research...

Question 10

Professional practice questions should directly involve patient care in all cases.

Accepted Answer

While patient care is certainly an important aspect of professional practice, there may be questions related to other aspects such as billing, administration, or organizational management.

Question 11

In situations where science did not exist to support a practice, Paramedics and medical directors often used a(n) ____ to think through a situation.

Accepted Answer

An analogy is a tool used to compare something known to something unknown. In this case, paramedics and medical directors can use analogies to think through situations where there is no scientific evidence to support a practice. They can compare the situation to something similar that they have experienced before and make decisions based on that comparison.

Question 12

A simple ____ analysis asks the question of whether it is advantageous to take a particular action or make a change in a procedure.

Accepted Answer

A cost-benefit analysis evaluates the potential costs and benefits of a particular decision or action, specifically whether the benefits outweigh the costs. Therefore, it is the best choice for the given question. A scientific analysis is a more general term that could refer to any type of analysis based on scientific principles or methods. A risk assessment and risk-benefit analysis specifically focus on evaluating potential risks and benefits, respectively, rather than considering overall costs and benefits.

Question 13

A(n) ____ is an independent ethics committee that is tasked with ensuring that human rights are not violated and the standards of medical research are upheld.

Accepted Answer

The independent ethics committee tasked with ensuring that human rights are not violated and the standards of medical research are upheld is known as the Institutional Review Board (IRB). A, B, and C refer to other organizations related to public health and medical research, but they do not specifically address the issue of ethics in research involving human subjects.

Question 14

Data dredging (data mining) is conducting research without a scientific question in mind.

Accepted Answer

Data dredging or data mining refers to the practice of exploring and analyzing data without a clear hypothesis or research question in mind. It involves searching for patterns or associations in the data that were not originally intended or anticipated. While this approach can sometimes lead to new insights and discoveries, it can also lead to false discoveries or correlations that do not actually exist. Therefore, it is important to approach data mining with caution and always keep in mind the potential for spurious findings.

Question 15

In a ____, the results of several similar small studies are combined and a statistical hypothesis test is applied.

Accepted Answer

The description matches that of a meta-analysis, which combines data from multiple small studies to draw an overall conclusion.

Question 16

The classic economic analysis is the cost-effectiveness factor.

Accepted Answer

The classic economic analysis is the cost-benefit factor, which compares the expected costs and benefits of a decision or action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is another type of economic analysis that focuses on determining which intervention achieves a desired effect at the lowest cost.

Question 17

Most current EMS practice parameters, protocols and procedures, originated from ____.

Accepted Answer

Most current EMS practice parameters, protocols, and procedures originated from anecdotal experience, as they were often developed based on practical experiences and observations rather than formal scientific experimentation.

Question 18

Classical hypothesis testing compares the results of two treatment groups, statistically, in order to obtain a degree of confidence that the treatment actually caused the effect.

Accepted Answer

Classical hypothesis testing compares the results of two treatment groups to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between them, leading to a degree of confidence that the treatment caused the observed effect.

Question 19

Paramedics driven by the maxim "do no harm" often ask themselves if what they do truly helps, or if, at a minimum, no harm has been caused to the patient.

Accepted Answer

The statement correctly reflects the ethical principle of "do no harm" that is a key component of paramedic practice. Paramedics strive to provide treatments and interventions that improve patient outcomes, while being mindful of the potential risks and complications of medical care. They also recognize the importance of avoiding unnecessary or harmful interventions, and regularly evaluate the effectiveness and safety of their actions.

Question 20

Currently, the most common kind of EMS research in the literature is ____ research.

Accepted Answer

Retrospective research involves looking back at data or events that have already occurred, which is often the case with EMS research. This type of research is useful for identifying patterns or trends and can be particularly useful for identifying factors that contributed to successful outcomes or failures in patient care. Dynamic, conclusive, and interactive research are not as common in EMS research literature.

Quiz 4: Ems Research