Question 1

Developmental psychologists have shown that children begin to recognize their own image in a mirror between

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to recognize their own image in a mirror between 18 and 24 months of age, as this is when they develop self-awareness.

Question 2

During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn't elected class president.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the impact bias, which refers to people's tendency to overestimate the emotional impact of future events. Sandra is overestimating how devastated she will be if she doesn't win the election.

Question 3

Wilson (1985)found that the more people consider the reasons why they like something,

Accepted Answer

Wilson (1985) found that when people analyze reasons for their preferences, it can lead to a decrease in the correlation between their attitudes and behavior, as the introspection may alter their initial attitudes.

Question 4

Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called

Accepted Answer

Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called self-schemas. Self-schemas serve as a cognitive framework for individuals to organize and interpret information about themselves in a way that is consistent with their self-concept.

Question 5

According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development, the self-concept develops

Accepted Answer

The looking-glass model asserts that the self-concept develops from the way one is viewed by others. This means that individuals come to see themselves based on the feedback they receive from others. Therefore, "the looking-glass" refers to the reflecting opinions of others, which is a crucial aspect of self-concept development.

Question 6

Research using new technologies has determined that

Accepted Answer

Research using fMRI and other new neuroimaging technologies has shown that different areas of the brain are activated when people view photos of themselves as opposed to photos of others. This supports the idea that there is a specific neural network involved in processing self-relevant information in the brain.

Question 7

Amy is frustrated with her teenage son's recent behavior."Why did you do that?" she asks him, with exasperation.According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977), Amy's son will

Accepted Answer

Nisbett and Wilson's research found that people are often unable to accurately identify the reasons behind their own behavior. This is due to a variety of factors, including cognitive biases and limited access to their subconscious thoughts and motivations. Therefore, Amy's son is unlikely to be able to give a completely accurate answer to her question about why he behaved as he did.

Question 8

Yulia stands in front of a mirror.She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror.She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot, trying to brush it off.Yulia is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Yulia's action of touching her own forehead to brush off the spot indicates that she recognizes the image in the mirror as herself, demonstrating self-recognition.

Question 9

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that people tend to overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy, which can lead to inaccurate self-assessments.

Question 10

According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977),

Accepted Answer

Nisbett and Wilson's research showed that people often lack awareness of the causes of their own behavior and are unable to provide accurate explanations for why they think or act in certain ways. This suggests that introspection may not be a reliable source of information about the self.

Question 11

The term self-concept refers to

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to a person's beliefs about their personal characteristics, such as personality traits, abilities, and values. It includes both positive and negative beliefs and can change throughout a person's lifetime. B and C refer to specific aspects of self-evaluation, while D refers to self-awareness.

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning introspection is true?

Accepted Answer

Introspection can sometimes lead to biases and errors that impair accurate self-knowledge. This is because individuals may not have full access to their unconscious thoughts and emotions, or may be influenced by cognitive biases and heuristics.

Question 13

When Gallup (1977)placed different species of animals in front of a mirror, it was only the great apes who

Accepted Answer

Great apes were the only species that used their reflection in the mirror to groom themselves, indicating self-recognition.

Question 14

While talking to a friend at a noisy party, Julianna stops in the middle of a sentence and turns her head.According to the cocktail party effect, what did she probably hear?

Accepted Answer

The cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli occurring simultaneously. Therefore, it is likely that Julianna heard her name being called, which made her stop in the middle of a sentence and turn her head towards the sound.

Question 15

The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition.Which of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is most closely related to affect, as it involves feelings of self-worth and emotional evaluations of oneself.

Question 16

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation, they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.This research provides support for

Accepted Answer

The concept of the looking-glass self suggests that self-concept develops through social interactions and the perceptions of others, which aligns with the finding that apes raised in isolation struggle with self-recognition.

Question 17

The process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge is called

Accepted Answer

Introspection involves the examination and reflection of one's own internal mental and emotional processes. It is a form of self-observation and self-analysis that can lead to increased self-awareness and understanding.

Question 18

The cocktail party effect refers to the tendency for people to

Accepted Answer

The cocktail party effect refers to the ability of individuals to attend to certain stimuli (such as their own name) while filtering out other stimuli in a noisy and crowded environment, such as a cocktail party. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it accurately describes the main aspect of the cocktail party effect. Choices A, B, and D do not relate to the concept of the cocktail party effect.

Question 19

Kirk is extremely politically conservative.Most information that he learns he tends to evaluate to place it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them.Kirk is probably on politics.

Accepted Answer

Kirk's tendency to evaluate information based on its similarity or difference to his personal beliefs is a characteristic of a schematic approach to processing information. Schematic individuals rely on pre-existing cognitive structures or "schemas" to interpret new information, leading them to categorize information as either fitting into their existing beliefs or not.

Question 20

Which of the "ABCs of the self" is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?

Accepted Answer

The self-concept is primarily determined by one's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes about the self, which fall under the category of cognition in the ABCs of the self. While affect (emotions), behavior, and biology can also influence the self, they are not as directly related to the concept of the self-concept.

Quiz 3: The Social Self