Question 1

Breast cancer was diagnosed in 2,088,849 women in 2018 and caused 626,679 deaths.

Accepted Answer

The statistics provided are consistent with the global cancer data reported by the World Health Organization for the year 2018.

Question 2

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women (only lung cancer causes more deaths).

Accepted Answer

Breast cancer is indeed the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, making breast cancer the second leading cause of cancer death among women.

Question 3

Survival of Stage I breast cancer (carcinoma in situ) approaches 100% in the US population.

Accepted Answer

Survival of Stage I breast cancer (carcinoma in situ) approaches 100% in the US population because it is detected early and treated effectively.

Question 4

The classical risk factors for breast cancer include familial and genetic predisposition, early menses, delayed reproductive history, nulliparity, absence of lactation, late menopause, and the natural process of aging.

Accepted Answer

These factors are well-established in medical literature as increasing the risk of developing breast cancer.

Question 5

Mammography has had little impact on breast cancer survival among cases diagnosed prior to menopause.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that mammography is less effective in detecting breast cancer in premenopausal women due to denser breast tissue, leading to less impact on survival rates compared to postmenopausal women.

Question 6

Mammography has had little impact on breast cancer survival among cases diagnosed after menopause.

Accepted Answer

Mammography has significantly improved breast cancer survival rates by enabling early detection and treatment, including among postmenopausal women.

Question 7

Nearly 75% of breast cancers are detected in postmenopausal women.

Accepted Answer

Breast cancer is more common in postmenopausal women due to age-related risk factors, with a significant proportion of cases diagnosed in this group.

Question 8

Hallmarks of familial breast cancer include early onset, bilateral disease, and clustering of other forms of cancer among female relatives.

Accepted Answer

Familial breast cancer often presents with early onset, bilateral disease, and may be associated with other cancers in the family, indicating a genetic predisposition.

Question 9

Estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer.

Accepted Answer

Estrogen replacement therapy has been associated with an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer, and some studies suggest a potential link to ovarian cancer.

Question 10

Genetic factors are responsible for the majority of breast cancer cases.

Accepted Answer

Most breast cancer cases are not primarily caused by genetic factors; only about 5-10% are due to inherited genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Environmental and lifestyle factors play a larger role in the majority of cases.

Question 11

Breast cancer mortality has increased significantly during the past 50 years in all of the following countries except:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Breast cancer mortality has increased significantly during...

Question 12

Tumor suppressor genes linked to breast cancer pathogenesis include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

RET is not a tumor suppressor gene linked to breast cancer; it is primarily associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia and thyroid cancer.

Question 13

What is the karyotype of males with Klinefelter's syndrome who occasionally develop breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males, resulting in the karyotype XXY.

Question 14

Breast cancer occasionally occurs in men treated for metastatic prostate cancer with:

Accepted Answer

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen that has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in men undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.

Question 15

After menopause, the primary source of circulating estrogens is:

Accepted Answer

After menopause, the ovaries significantly reduce estrogen production, and the primary source of circulating estrogens becomes the conversion of androgens to estrogens by the enzyme aromatase in peripheral tissues such as fat and muscle.

Question 16

Animal studies and some human studies suggest that breast cancer risk is decreased by high intake of:

Accepted Answer

n-3 fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, and fish oil, which is rich in n-3 fatty acids, have been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in some studies.

Question 17

Arguments against the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators such as Tamoxifen for the chemoprevention of breast cancer include:

Accepted Answer

Some trials have not shown statistically significant reductions in breast cancer incidence, and there was a significant increase in the death rate in one trial, making A and C correct arguments against using Tamoxifen for chemoprevention.

Question 18

Mammography has been shown to decrease breast cancer mortality in women over the age of 50 years by about:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammography has been shown to decrease breast...

Question 19

Describe the global burden of breast cancer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the global burden of breast cancer....

Question 20

Discuss the classical risk factors of breast cancer initially identified by Janet Lane-Claypon.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the classical risk factors of breast...

Quiz 21: Epidemiology of Breast Cancer