Question 1

Preschoolers differ from toddlers in many ways. Which of the following changes may provide parents with new challenges?

Accepted Answer

Developing a sense of autonomy in preschoolers can present new challenges for parents as children begin to assert their independence, often leading to power struggles and testing of boundaries. This phase requires parents to navigate a balance between providing guidance and allowing the child to explore their sense of self.

Question 2

From age 3 to 5, children's rigidity about gender-divided roles is evidenced in several areas. However, rigidity about ______ decreases during this time.

Accepted Answer

During ages 3 to 5, children become more flexible about gender-typed appearance, such as clothing choices, as they start to understand that clothing does not define gender.

Question 3

Along with promoting certain gender differences, parents enforce gender conformity. This is especially true with parents of boys. In addition, pressure for gender conformity is more likely to come from parents who have ______ gender attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Parents with traditional gender attitudes are more likely to enforce gender conformity, as they often hold more conventional views on the roles and behaviors appropriate for each gender.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes the role of socialization in gender development?

Accepted Answer

Socialization in gender development involves a combination of biological factors and influences from personal experiences, parents, peers, and society at large. This multifaceted approach acknowledges that while there may be a biological basis for some aspects of gender identity, the way it is expressed and understood is heavily shaped by social interactions and cultural norms.

Question 5

When Lorena was a toddler, her mother began asking what clothes she wanted to wear. For example, she would ask, "Would you like to wear the white sweater or the blue one?" By giving Lorena the option to choose, she encouraged the development of her daughter's ______.

Accepted Answer

By offering choices, Lorena's mother encouraged her to make decisions for herself, fostering her sense of independence and self-direction, which are key aspects of autonomy.

Question 6

On the advice of famous John Hopkins University sex researcher John Money, a young boy who had suffered a medical injury to his penis was castrated, surgically reconstructed to appear female, and then raised as a girl. The outcome for the boy showed that gender identity is ______.

Accepted Answer

The case in question is that of David Reimer, and it demonstrated that gender identity has a strong genetic component and is not solely determined by socialization or upbringing. Despite being raised as a girl, David Reimer's sense of identity as a male persisted, indicating that gender identity is not completely malleable by social factors.

Question 7

Padma wants to encourage her son's autonomy. Which of the following actions is likely to lead to a preschooler's sense of autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Allowing a child to make choices, such as selecting which vegetable to eat, fosters a sense of independence and autonomy, which is crucial for their development.

Question 8

Parents who allow their children to become largely autonomous at an early age and provide little, if any, control would be classified by Baumrind as ______.

Accepted Answer

Baumrind's parenting styles classify parents who allow their children significant autonomy and exert minimal control as "permissive." This style is characterized by a high level of responsiveness but low demands and discipline.

Question 9

Which of the following common behavior problems would be categorized as internalizing behavior?

Accepted Answer

Internalizing behaviors are those that are directed inward. Sadness is an example of an internalizing behavior because it involves internal feelings and emotions rather than outward actions towards others.

Question 10

Young Charlie has a difficult time regulating his emotions. He often acts out in aggressive ways. These behaviors are examples of ______ behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Externalizing behaviors are actions that are directed outwardly, often in aggressive or disruptive ways. They are a way of expressing difficulties or emotions and can include acting out aggressively, which matches the description of Charlie's behaviors.

Question 11

Tantrums are a common problem in families with toddlers and preschoolers. Researchers estimate that as many as ______ of 2- to 3-year-old children experience this sign of emotion dysregulation.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that tantrums are a common occurrence among young children, with studies showing that up to 80% of 2- to 3-year-olds experience tantrums as a sign of emotion dysregulation.

Question 12

When researchers require a child to suppress a predominant response (eat a marshmallow right away) and instead perform a subdominant action (wait 15 min and receive two marshmallows), they are testing the child's ______ control.

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response, which is exactly what is being tested when children are asked to delay gratification (e.g., waiting to eat a marshmallow).

Question 13

Actions considered beneficial to other people or society as a whole are referred to as ______. Parents promote these behaviors in their toddlers by verbalizing empathetic concerns, modeling, and verbally reinforcing acts of kindness.

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others, including helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering. These behaviors are encouraged by parents through empathy, modeling, and positive reinforcement.

Question 14

Three-year-old Jackson snatched his brother's, Brandon, toy. Their mother, Cassandra, gently said, "Look! You made him feel sad. How would you feel if Brandon grabbed your toy?" Developmental Psychologists would probably say that her approach to the situation ______.

Accepted Answer

Cassandra's approach encourages Jackson to understand his brother's feelings by putting himself in his brother's shoes, which is a method aimed at fostering empathy. By doing so, it can increase prosocial behavior, as understanding others' emotions can lead to more caring and socially responsible actions.

Question 15

Roberto and Amy want to encourage compassion in their young son. Research indicates that the best way to achieve this parenting goal is to respond to the child's inappropriate behaviors ______.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that nonpunitive reprimands that include explanations of why a behavior is wrong can help children understand the impact of their actions and encourage the development of empathy and compassion. This approach helps children learn from their mistakes in a constructive way, rather than feeling shamed or punished without understanding the reason behind it.

Question 16

Parents' use of discipline peaks when children are ______ years old.

Accepted Answer

Parents' use of discipline peaks when children are 3-5 years old. This is because children at this age are beginning to develop a sense of independence and are testing their limits. Parents need to be firm and consistent with their discipline at this age in order to help their children learn how to behave appropriately.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the effects of spanking?

Accepted Answer

Spanking is associated with increased aggression in children. Research has consistently shown that physical punishment, such as spanking, is linked to higher levels of aggression in children, as well as other negative outcomes.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes what happens when parents use positive discipline?

Accepted Answer

Positive discipline focuses on a cooperative relationship orientation between parents and children, emphasizing mutual respect and understanding, rather than a hierarchical or authoritarian dynamic.

Question 19

ADHD is a disorder characterized by high activity levels and an inability to concentrate for long periods of time. As of 2013, estimates of the prevalence of the disorder go as high as ______ of the population of children.

Accepted Answer

Estimates of the prevalence of ADHD in children have gone as high as 11% as of 2013, indicating a significant portion of the child population is affected by this disorder.

Question 20

The rate of ADHD has doubled in 20 years. Possible explanations include changes in diagnosis procedures and greater awareness of the problem. Another possibility is school policies that push for diagnoses so that problem students will ______.

Accepted Answer

School policies might push for ADHD diagnoses so that students who could lower the district's test score average due to their difficulties are not included in the average, thereby potentially improving the district's overall performance metrics. This reflects a strategic, albeit controversial, approach to managing school performance statistics.

Quiz 8: Parenting Preschoolers