Question 1

Dr. Formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. If the scores on these tests have been found to forecast later performance on activities such as music abilities, drawing or problem solving, the test likely has shown good

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a test score can predict future performance on related tasks or activities.

Question 2

If a test of intelligence contains questions that are solvable by some children because they are familiar with the concepts being tested but not solvable by children who are not familiar with the concepts being tested, then the intelligence test may have a problem with _______ bias.

Accepted Answer

Content-validity bias occurs when the content of a test is more familiar or relevant to certain groups, leading to an unfair advantage for those groups.

Question 3

Francis Galton supported the now highly discredited idea that heritable human characteristics could be controlled through breeding, a concept known as

Accepted Answer

Francis Galton is known for pioneering the concept of eugenics, which is the idea of improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding.

Question 4

All of the following support environment influences on intellectual development except

Accepted Answer

High media consumption is often associated with negative impacts on attention and social skills, but it is not directly linked to decreased intelligence, unlike the other options which show clear environmental influences on intellectual development.

Question 5

In comparison to younger children, by the school age years, many children can create sentences that are _______ and incorporate _______ ideas and concepts.

Accepted Answer

By school age, children typically develop the ability to form more complex sentences and incorporate abstract ideas and concepts, reflecting their growing cognitive and linguistic skills.

Question 6

Yvette's mother sits with her as she tries to read her favorite book out loud. When they read the word "tree," Yvette's mother says, "Let's sound this out- 't-r-ee.' 'Tree.'" This approach to learning to read is known as the _______ approach.

Accepted Answer

The phonics approach involves teaching reading by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system, as demonstrated by Yvette's mother sounding out the word "tree."

Question 7

Harold was asked to write a brief essay for his seventh-grade class discussing the role of sports participation in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. In it, Harold discusses how exercise is necessary for building strong muscles and bones and staying fit. This assignment requires _______ writing.

Accepted Answer

The assignment requires expository writing, which involves explaining or informing about a topic, in this case, the role of sports in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Question 8

Maria lives in a small rural village where she works with her father tending their local produce cart. Although she received very little formal schooling related to math, she participates actively at pricing her merchandise, adding up purchase orders, and giving correct change. If Maria were to take a formal test in mathematics common to the math problems at school, she would likely

Accepted Answer

Maria's practical math skills are developed through her everyday experiences, but she may not perform well on a formal test that assesses mathematical knowledge taught in schools.

Question 9

When given the multiplication problem "What is 3 x 5?" Aiden thinks to himself that 5 + 5 + 5 is equal to 15, therefore 3 x 5 is 15. Which mathematical strategy is Aiden employing?

Accepted Answer

Aiden is using the strategy of repeated addition, where multiplication is understood as adding a number (5) repeatedly (3 times) to get the product.

Question 10

Rachel gets a lot of joy from building and racing cars made from scraps of wood and metal she finds in her fathers' workshop and spends hours reading books and learning new techniques to make her cars move faster. Rachel's car hobby would be considered

Accepted Answer

Rachel's car hobby is intrinsically motivating because she engages in it for the sheer enjoyment and interest it brings her, rather than for external rewards.

Question 11

A group of children who typically enjoyed drawing and painting were told that they could earn tokens if they drew and painted pictures of the researcher. They would earn 5 tokens per piece they produced. Overtime, the children who created pieces of art for tokens

Accepted Answer

The introduction of extrinsic rewards (tokens) for an activity that was previously intrinsically motivated (drawing and painting for enjoyment) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic interest, known as the overjustification effect.

Question 12

Lisa had always been told she was very smart in areas related to reading skills and reading comprehension, and she labels herself as innately smart. She had little difficulty reading or understanding the books she was assigned to in class. However, when she moved from the third to the fourth grade, Lisa found the new reading assignments to be very challenging. As a result, Lisa is likely to

Accepted Answer

Lisa labels herself as innately smart, so when faced with challenging material, she may reduce her effort and interest, as she might believe her ability is fixed and not improvable with effort.

Question 13

Una believes that her son is gifted because of genetics, and that even without trying, he will be smart and talented because of the abilities he inherited from his parents. Una's perspective of intelligence best reflects

Accepted Answer

Una's perspective aligns with the entity theory of intelligence, which suggests that intelligence is a fixed trait that one is born with and does not change significantly over time.

Question 14

Manuel noticed his daughter is showing a talent for critical thinking and writing, but believes that her skills in those areas can only improve with practice, so he is careful to provide her a good education, lots of reading materials, and engages her in critical discussion over the dinner table. Manuel's perspective of intelligence would reflect a(n)

Accepted Answer

Manuel's perspective aligns with the incremental theory of intelligence, which suggests that intelligence can be developed and improved through effort and practice.

Question 15

When Jamal came home with a C- grade on his first science test, his parents noted the importance of the fact that he had studied hard and put a lot of efforts at tackling a difficult subject. As a result, Jamal is likely to

Accepted Answer

Jamal's parents focused on his effort and hard work, which can encourage a growth mindset, motivating him to continue studying hard for future exams.

Question 16

When Tilla won her class math contest, her mother responded, "Wow Tilla, you're so smart!" This type of response, known as _______, can have implications for a child's future motivation and performance.

Accepted Answer

Person praise focuses on the individual's inherent traits, like being "smart," which can lead to a fixed mindset, affecting future motivation and performance.

Question 17

Mrs. Majors walks around her classroom, observing her students working on individual essays describing their favorite animal at the zoo. This type of teaching strategy would be called

Accepted Answer

Independent practice involves students working individually on tasks to reinforce skills or concepts, which aligns with students writing individual essays.

Question 18

Mrs. Majors decides to help facilitate her students' learning abilities by creating small groups of students with different reading skills. Her intention is that the stronger readers will help support and mentor the students with weaker reading skills. This form of instruction is called

Accepted Answer

Cooperative learning involves students working together in small groups to help each other learn, which aligns with Mrs. Majors' approach of having stronger readers support weaker ones.

Question 19

Mr. Keene was told that he would be receiving a new student in his classroom who generally struggled with reading assignments, and typically scored low on tests of reading comprehension. According to the Pygmalion effect, which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

The Pygmalion effect suggests that lower expectations from Mr. Keene could lead to reduced motivation and achievement in the student.

Question 20

Auli'i lives with his family in a rural village in Papua New Guinea. Although he has started to go to school and has learned a little reading and writing, his main forms of instruction are watching his father and older brothers build animal traps and spears and arrows for hunting. His careful attention to their work, known as _______, will ensure he will be able to provide for himself and his family in the future.

Accepted Answer

Keen observational learning refers to learning by watching and imitating others, which is how Auli'i is learning to build traps and weapons.

Quiz 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood