Question 1

What did Levy and Langer learn about memory retention in the study reported at the beginning of chapter 6?
A) Younger Americans remembered better than younger Chinese.
B) Younger Chinese remembered better than younger Americans.
C) Age had no impact whatever on the ability to remember activities.
D) Older hearing Americans remembered the least.
E) Older deaf Americans remembered the least.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Mindlessness is characterized by all of the following features EXCEPT:
A) a low IQ.
B) relying on old categories of experience.
C) following a predictable course.
D) inability to attend to new signals.

Accepted Answer

Mindlessness does not necessarily correlate with a low IQ. It is more about operating on autopilot, relying on past experiences, and not being open to new information, rather than a measure of intelligence.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of mindless interaction?
A) We are acting mindlessly when we use a familiar script to guide our actions.
B) We are acting mindlessly whenever we do something that is socially inappropriate or when we lack role competence.
C) We are acting mindlessly when we think carefully about what we should do next.
D) The more educated we are, the more likely we are to be mindless.

Accepted Answer

Mindless interaction occurs when we operate on autopilot, using familiar scripts or routines to guide our actions without active thought or consideration of alternatives. This is contrasted with mindful interaction, where we are actively engaged and thoughtful about our actions and their implications.

Question 4

The ultimate goal of perception is:
A) deception.
B) disclosure.
C) accommodation.
D) competition.
E) sense making.

Accepted Answer

The ultimate goal of perception is sense making, which involves interpreting and understanding sensory information from the environment to construct meaningful experiences and understandings of the world.

Question 5

The authors identify and develop four themes at the beginning of this chapter that they say are critical to perception. Which is NOT one of these themes?
A) Emotion
B) Motivation
C) Cognition
D) Gender

Accepted Answer

The themes critical to perception typically discussed in literature include emotion, motivation, and cognition, but gender is not commonly identified as a core theme in the context of basic perceptual processes.

Question 6

What is the position of the authors regarding the role of emotion in perception?
A) Perceptions are about control, so emotion has no place in perception.
B) Emotions probably contribute to perception, but there is no evidence.
C) Emotion has no role at all in perception.
D) Research has shown that emotions influence perceptions.
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Research has demonstrated that emotions can significantly influence how we perceive the world around us, affecting our interpretations and reactions to various stimuli.

Question 7

The fabrication of memory is affected by ongoing events happening now as we try to remember. The authors cite the work of Gilbert who calls this phenomenon:
A) nowology.
B) presentism.
C) the revolving door of the mind.
D) the slippery cognition brain slope.

Accepted Answer

The term "presentism" is used to describe the phenomenon where the fabrication of memory is influenced by current events or the present context as we try to remember past events. This concept suggests that our memories are not static but are reshaped by our ongoing experiences and perceptions.

Question 8

In an experiment conducted by Loewenstein et al., students who took a five-item test were offered the answers or a candy bar. What did they do?
A) They refused both.
B) They chose the candy.
C) Half wanted the answers, and half wanted the candy.
D) All wanted the answers after completing the test.

Accepted Answer

In the experiment by Loewenstein et al., after students completed a five-item test, they all wanted the answers rather than a candy bar, demonstrating a strong desire for feedback on their performance.

Question 9

The mood congruity hypothesis states that when a memory is stored and then retrieved:
A) anger enhances memory.
B) length of time dulls memory regardless of emotion.
C) optimism enhances memory.
D) neutral emotional state enhances memory.
E) a match in emotion enhances memory.

Accepted Answer

The mood congruity hypothesis suggests that memory is more easily accessed or recalled when there is a match between the emotional state at the time of memory encoding (when the memory is stored) and the emotional state at the time of retrieval (when the memory is recalled). This means that emotions experienced during the encoding of a memory can influence the ease with which that memory can be recalled if the same or a similar emotional state is experienced during retrieval.

Question 10

Moskowitz calls motivations that we are not aware of:
A) auto-motives.
B) self-reasoning.
C) self-goals.
D) auto-individualism.
E) autocracy.

Accepted Answer

Moskowitz refers to motivations that we are not consciously aware of as "auto-motives," highlighting the automatic, subconscious nature of these motivations.

Question 11

How does a clear goal or strong motivation affect perception?
A) A clear goal strengthens perception.
B) A clear goal weakens perception.
C) There are no effects that can be demonstrated.
D) A clear goal distracts from perception.

Accepted Answer

A clear goal or strong motivation can focus attention and enhance the ability to perceive relevant information, thereby strengthening perception.

Question 12

In most situations we rely on stereotypes and categorical thinking rather than trying to derive new information. The authors call this:
A) the principle of least effort.
B) lazy thinking syndrome.
C) closed circuit thinking syndrome.
D) thinking inside the box.
E) the principle of least return.

Accepted Answer

The principle of least effort explains our tendency to rely on stereotypes and categorical thinking because it requires less cognitive effort than deriving new information.

Question 13

All of the following factors in the Krieger study enhanced mindfulness EXCEPT:
A) positive reasoning.
B) early cognitive commitment.
C) using a kaleidoscope perspective.
D) verbalizing thoughts and feelings.
E) using confident language.

Accepted Answer

Early cognitive commitment refers to forming fixed ideas or beliefs early on, which can hinder mindfulness by limiting openness and flexibility.

Question 14

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between a prototype and an exemplar model of cognition?
A) A prototype is general; an exemplar is specific.
B) A prototype is specific; an exemplar is general.
C) Both are specific.
D) Both are general.
E) A prototype is a reality; an exemplar is an ideal.

Accepted Answer

A prototype model suggests that we categorize objects and ideas by comparing them to an idealized, average representation of a category, which is a general concept. In contrast, the exemplar model posits that we make category judgments by comparing new stimuli to specific instances or examples of the category that we have encountered in the past, making it more specific.

Question 15

Which is NOT one of the four social cognition questions discussed in the text?
A) How does each participant view the situation?
B) What impressions do participants have of one another?
C) How good is their grasp of verbal and nonverbal languages?
D) What kind of relationship have the participants created?

Accepted Answer

The four social cognition questions typically discussed in the context of understanding social interactions do not include participants' grasp of verbal and nonverbal languages. This aspect is more related to communication skills rather than social cognition, which focuses on perceptions, interpretations, and interactions within social contexts.

Question 16

In which of the following situations will people be LEAST likely to pay close attention to their own and others' behavior and MOST likely to follow a script?
A) In a novel situation they have never encountered before
B) When external factors interrupt a sequence of behavior
C) When traditional scripts conflict
D) When the outcome of the interaction is exactly what they expected

Accepted Answer

When the outcome of an interaction is exactly what people expected, they are most likely to follow a script and pay less attention to their own and others' behavior. This is because familiar and expected situations often lead to automatic responses based on established scripts, reducing the need for detailed processing of the situation.

Question 17

Jennifer won't even consider talking to Loren because one look at Loren's hair and clothes tells Jennifer that Loren must be snobbish and materialistic. This prediction about Loren's behavior is an example of using which of the following to guide perception?
A) A prototype
B) A stereotype
C) A script
D) A personal construct

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jennifer won't even consider talking to Loren...

Question 18

Don has never been to a really expensive restaurant before. He doesn't know what to do when the wine steward brings the wine. He lacks which of the following kinds of schemata?
A) A prototype
B) A stereotype
C) A script
D) A personal construct

Accepted Answer

A script is a schema for the sequence of actions that should occur in a particular context, such as dining in an expensive restaurant. Don lacks the script for what to do when the wine steward brings the wine.

Question 19

Jackie seeks out the same characteristics in all her friends. She looks for a good sense of humor, an outgoing personality, and ambition. Which kind of schemata is she using?
A) A prototype
B) A stereotype
C) A script
D) A personal construct

Accepted Answer

A personal construct is a mental representation used to evaluate and categorize people based on specific characteristics, which is what Jackie is doing by seeking out friends with certain traits.

Question 20

Steve's roommate comes from Scarsdale. Steve just naturally assumes that the roommate will be wealthy and snobbish. In making this prediction about his roommate, Steve is converting a prototype into a:
A) stereotype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) closed episode.

Accepted Answer

Steve is using a stereotype, which is a generalized belief or expectation about a group of people, in this case, assuming someone from Scarsdale will be wealthy and snobbish.

Quiz 6: Perceiving and Interpreting Social Worlds

What did Levy and Langer learn about memory retention in the study reported at the beginning of chapter 6?

Mindlessness is characterized by all of the following features EXCEPT:

Which of the following statements is true of mindless interaction?

The ultimate goal of perception is:

The authors identify and develop four themes at the beginning of this chapter that they say are critical to perception. Which is NOT one of these themes?

What is the position of the authors regarding the role of emotion in perception?

The fabrication of memory is affected by ongoing events happening now as we try to remember. The authors cite the work of Gilbert who calls this phenomenon:

In an experiment conducted by Loewenstein et al., students who took a five-item test were offered the answers or a candy bar. What did they do?

The mood congruity hypothesis states that when a memory is stored and then retrieved:

Moskowitz calls motivations that we are not aware of:

How does a clear goal or strong motivation affect perception?

In most situations we rely on stereotypes and categorical thinking rather than trying to derive new information. The authors call this:

All of the following factors in the Krieger study enhanced mindfulness EXCEPT:

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between a prototype and an exemplar model of cognition?

Which is NOT one of the four social cognition questions discussed in the text?

In which of the following situations will people be LEAST likely to pay close attention to their own and others' behavior and MOST likely to follow a script?

Jennifer won't even consider talking to Loren because one look at Loren's hair and clothes tells Jennifer that Loren must be snobbish and materialistic. This prediction about Loren's behavior is an example of using which of the following to guide perception?

Don has never been to a really expensive restaurant before. He doesn't know what to do when the wine steward brings the wine. He lacks which of the following kinds of schemata?

Jackie seeks out the same characteristics in all her friends. She looks for a good sense of humor, an outgoing personality, and ambition. Which kind of schemata is she using?

Steve's roommate comes from Scarsdale. Steve just naturally assumes that the roommate will be wealthy and snobbish. In making this prediction about his roommate, Steve is converting a prototype into a: