Underdevelopment theory argued that it was not possible for all less developed countries to 'catch up' to the advanced West because of the lasting effects of colonialism and because in a capitalist system development depends on underdevelopment.

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Underdevelopment theory, particularly associated with dependency theory, posits that the economic development of certain countries is structurally linked to the underdevelopment of others, arguing that the wealth of developed nations often comes at the expense of less developed countries. This perspective highlights the lasting impacts of colonialism and the inherent inequalities within the global capitalist system, suggesting that the development of some countries necessitates the underdevelopment of others.

Underdevelopment Theory Argued That It Was Not Possible for All