Question 1

Two cognitive process theories of motivation are
A) Expectancy theory and behavior modification.
B) Equity theory and expectancy theory.
C) Goal setting and behavior modification.
D) Behavior modification and equity theory.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory and equity theory are both cognitive process theories of motivation, focusing on how individuals' thoughts and expectations influence their motivation and behavior. Expectancy theory is about the perceived likelihood that effort will lead to performance and the value of the outcome, while equity theory deals with perceptions of fairness in comparison to others.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false about expectancy theory assumptions?
A) People choose among different courses of action.
B) People choose actions based on outcome values.
C) The choices among actions are rational.
D) Environmental factors do not affect choice.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory assumes that individuals make choices based on their expectations of the outcomes and the value they place on those outcomes. However, it does recognize that environmental factors, such as organizational policies and social pressures, can influence these choices. Therefore, stating that environmental factors do not affect choice is false.

Question 3

An employee believes that if she works overtime every night for a week she will meet the deadline for an important project. In expectancy theory terms, this perception is
A) Effort-performance expectancy.
B) Performance-outcome expectancy.
C) Valence.
D) No answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Effort-performance expectancy refers to an individual's belief that a certain level of effort will lead to a certain level of performance. In this scenario, the employee believes that working overtime (effort) will enable her to meet the project deadline (performance).

Question 4

An employee believes that if he makes his monthly sales quota every month for six months he will receive a raise in his base pay. This perception, according to expectancy theory, is
A) Effort-performance expectancy.
B) Performance-outcome expectancy.
C) Valence.
D) No answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Performance-outcome expectancy is the belief that a particular level of performance will lead to a specific outcome. In this case, the employee believes that achieving the monthly sales quota (performance) will lead to receiving a raise (outcome).

Question 5

An employee highly values developing friendships at work, and knows that a promotion will take him away from his coworkers. The employee's motivation to strive for a promotion is low because
A) Effort-performance expectancy is zero.
B) Valence of the promotion is small.
C) Performance-outcome expectancy is zero.
D) No answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The employee values friendships over the promotion, indicating that the attractiveness or desirability (valence) of the promotion is low for him, affecting his motivation to strive for it.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an expectancy theory concept?
A) Effort-performance expectancy.
B) Performance-outcome expectancy.
C) Outcome-valence expectancy.
D) Valence.

Accepted Answer

Outcome-valence expectancy is not a recognized concept in expectancy theory. Expectancy theory includes effort-performance expectancy, performance-outcome expectancy, and valence.

Question 7

Which of the following is an outcome in expectancy theory?
A) An office with a window.
B) A promotion.
C) A pat on the back.
D) All answers are outcomes in expectancy theory.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that individuals are motivated to perform based on the expected outcomes of their actions. Outcomes can vary widely and include tangible rewards like promotions or office perks, as well as intangible rewards like recognition or a pat on the back. Therefore, all the options listed are considered outcomes in expectancy theory.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly shows some relationships among expectancy theory concepts?
A) E→P expectancy + P→O expectancy + valence = motivation
B) E→P expectancy + P→O expectancy × valence = motivation
C) E→P expectancy × P→O expectancy × valence = motivation
D) E→P expectancy × P→O expectancy + valence = motivation

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory posits that motivation is determined by a combination of the expectancy that effort will lead to performance (E→P expectancy), the expectancy that performance will lead to outcomes (P→O expectancy), and the valence or value of those outcomes. These factors are multiplied together, not added, because if any of these factors is zero (or very low), then the motivation to perform the task will also be very low or zero, reflecting a multiplicative relationship.

Question 9

Sally wants to get a raise after her next performance review, and she knows that if she meets the goals her supervisor has set she will get the raise. She does not, however, have a great deal of confidence that she will be able to meet the goals. Which of the following expectancy theory analyses of this situation is correct?
A) Effort-performance expectancy is high, performance-outcome expectancy is high, and valence is low.
B) Effort-performance expectancy is low, performance-outcome expectancy is high, and valence is high.
C) Effort-performance expectancy is low, performance-outcome expectancy is low, and valence is high.
D) Effort-performance expectancy is high, performance-outcome expectancy is low, and valence is high.

Accepted Answer

Effort-performance expectancy is low because Sally does not have a great deal of confidence that she will be able to meet the goals. Performance-outcome expectancy is high because she knows that meeting the goals will result in a raise. Valence is high because she wants the raise.

Question 10

Vinnie knows that if he exerts enough effort he will receive an A in his organizational behavior course. If Vinnie receives an A, he will graduate magna cum laude. Vinnie does not really care if he graduates with honors, as long as he graduates. What does expectancy theory predict about Vinnie's behavior?
A) Vinnie will study hard for his organizational behavior examinations.
B) Vinnie will not study hard for his organizational behavior examinations.
C) Vinnie will cheat on his examinations to get an
D) It is impossible to predict Vinnie's behavior from the information given.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that an individual's motivation is influenced by the expected outcome of their efforts and the value they place on that outcome. Since Vinnie does not value the outcome of graduating magna cum laude, which is contingent upon receiving an A, it is less likely that he will be motivated to exert the effort required to study hard for his organizational behavior examinations.

Question 11

Vinnie wants a corner office with a window and if Vinnie is promoted he will get such an office. Vinnie knows that if he works hard he will do his job well and should be eligible for a promotion. However, in Vinnie's organization, promotions are awarded based on favoritism and not work performance. Which of the following expectancy theory analyses of this situation is correct?
A) Effort-performance expectancy is high, performance-outcome expectancy is high, and valence is low.
B) Effort-performance expectancy is low, performance-outcome expectancy is high, and valence is high.
C) Effort-performance expectancy is low, performance-outcome expectancy is low, and valence is high.
D) Effort-performance expectancy is high, performance-outcome expectancy is low, and valence is high.

Accepted Answer

Effort-performance expectancy is high because Vinnie believes that hard work will lead to doing his job well. Performance-outcome expectancy is low because, despite doing his job well, promotions are based on favoritism rather than performance. Valence is high because Vinnie values the outcome of getting a corner office with a window.

Question 12

Intrinsic outcomes are typically associated with which of the following needs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A) Safety.
B) Belongingness and love.
C) Self-actualization.
D) Physiological.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic outcomes, such as personal growth and fulfillment, are most closely associated with self-actualization, the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This level involves realizing one's own potential and seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Question 13

Extrinsic outcomes are typically associated with which of the following needs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A) Esteem.
B) Self-actualization.
C) Physiological.
D) All answers are needs associated with extrinsic outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extrinsic outcomes are typically associated with which...

Question 14

Which of the following is not an individual blockage to the effort-performance expectancy link?
A) Skills and abilities.
B) Conflict.
C) Task difficulty.
D) Lack of task experience.

Accepted Answer

Conflict is not an individual blockage to the effort-performance expectancy link but rather a situational or interpersonal issue that can affect motivation and performance indirectly. Skills and abilities, task difficulty, and lack of task experience are all individual factors that directly impact an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task successfully.

Question 15

Which of the following is not an organizational blockage to the effort-performance expectancy?
A) Lack of skill and ability.
B) Inadequate training.
C) High conflict levels.
D) Lack of resources to perform.

Accepted Answer

Lack of skill and ability is not an organizational blockage to the effort-performance expectancy. It is an individual blockage.

Question 16

Janicia does not have the self-confidence that she can successfully lead her team to project completion because she has not received the right technical training. Janicia's perception affects which of the following expectancy theory concepts?
A) Valence.
B) Performance-outcome expectancy.
C) Effort-performance expectancy.
D) No answer is correct.

Accepted Answer

Janicia's lack of self-confidence in her ability to lead her team due to insufficient technical training affects her belief in whether her effort will lead to successful performance. This directly relates to the effort-performance expectancy aspect of expectancy theory, which is about the perceived probability that one's effort will lead to successful performance.

Question 17

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?
A) A merit raise.
B) Additional vacation time.
C) Recognition in the company newsletter for meeting sales goals.
D) Personal satisfaction for doing a job well.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic rewards are internal to the individual and involve feelings of personal satisfaction, accomplishment, or fulfillment that come from doing a job well, rather than external rewards such as money or recognition.

Question 18

If people feel overpaid for their level of input, they will likely experience
A) Equity.
B) Positive inequity.
C) Negative inequity.
D) No answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Positive inequity occurs when individuals perceive that they are receiving more outcomes for their inputs compared to others, leading to feelings of being overpaid or over-rewarded.

Question 19

If people feel underpaid for their level of input, they will likely experience
A) Equity.
B) Positive inequity.
C) Negative inequity.
D) No answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Negative inequity occurs when individuals perceive that they are receiving less than what they believe they deserve for their efforts or inputs, leading to feelings of being underpaid or undervalued.

Question 20

Laila and Sue have been employed at their company for about the same length of time, yet Sue was recently awarded a promotion over Laila. Laila is upset by these events. She is likely experiencing
A) Equity.
B) Positive inequity.
C) Negative inequity.
D) It is impossible to tell from the information given.

Accepted Answer

Laila is likely experiencing negative inequity, which occurs when an individual perceives that they are getting less than others in proportion to their inputs. In this case, Laila feels she has been treated unfairly compared to Sue, despite similar tenure at the company.

Quiz 8: Motivation: Cognitive and Behavioral Theories and Techniques

Two cognitive process theories of motivation are

Which of the following statements is false about expectancy theory assumptions?

An employee believes that if she works overtime every night for a week she will meet the deadline for an important project. In expectancy theory terms, this perception is

An employee believes that if he makes his monthly sales quota every month for six months he will receive a raise in his base pay. This perception, according to expectancy theory, is

An employee highly values developing friendships at work, and knows that a promotion will take him away from his coworkers. The employee's motivation to strive for a promotion is low because

Which of the following is not an expectancy theory concept?

Which of the following is an outcome in expectancy theory?

Which of the following correctly shows some relationships among expectancy theory concepts?

Intrinsic outcomes are typically associated with which of the following needs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Extrinsic outcomes are typically associated with which of the following needs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Which of the following is not an individual blockage to the effort-performance expectancy link?

Which of the following is not an organizational blockage to the effort-performance expectancy?

Janicia does not have the self-confidence that she can successfully lead her team to project completion because she has not received the right technical training. Janicia's perception affects which of the following expectancy theory concepts?

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?

If people feel overpaid for their level of input, they will likely experience

If people feel underpaid for their level of input, they will likely experience

Laila and Sue have been employed at their company for about the same length of time, yet Sue was recently awarded a promotion over Laila. Laila is upset by these events. She is likely experiencing