Question 1

According to the text, the most serious challenge to state-corporate crime may ultimately require which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The text states that the most serious challenge to state-corporate crime may ultimately require a transformation of the political economy, which suggests a fundamental change in the way society is organized and operates economically. This is a broader and more far-reaching solution than simply imposing fines or legal reforms, as it challenges the underlying structures and power dynamics that enable state-corporate crime to occur. Prosecutorial autonomy may help address specific cases or instances of state-corporate crime, but it is not a comprehensive solution to the problem.

Question 2

The use of fines in response to corporate crime has been especially favored by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Conservatives favor the use of fines in response to corporate crime because they believe that it is a more efficient and effective way to punish corporations than imprisonment. Fines can be used to deter future misconduct, and they can also be used to compensate victims of corporate crime.

Question 3

According to Christine Parker in the text, support for compliance programs is influenced by:

Accepted Answer

According to Christine Parker, support for compliance programs is influenced by whether or not the corporation thinks the relevant laws are morally justified and widely supported. This suggests that corporations are more likely to support compliance programs if they perceive the relevant laws as aligned with social norms and values, rather than just being driven by the desire for profit or fear of sanctions.

Question 4

Which of the following has not been cited as a concern using fines as a penal measure for white collar crime?

Accepted Answer

The concern that fines are not likely to be cost-efficient for the justice system has not been cited as a concern with using fines as a penal measure for white collar crime. The other three concerns have been commonly cited.

Question 5

According to the text, a substantial response to major state crime would ideally involve which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Effective international tribunals are often seen as a substantial response to major state crimes because they can provide impartial justice and hold perpetrators accountable on a global scale.

Question 6

Which of the following is a basic rationale for prosecuting and punishing corporations, rather than individual executives?

Accepted Answer

Prosecutors can leverage the option of prosecuting both the organization and individual executives to secure cooperation more effectively. This can be a stronger incentive for executives to cooperate with investigations or provide evidence against higher-ranking individuals in the company. A and B are incorrect because individuals can also be deterred, and corporations often have greater financial resources to compensate victims than individual executives. D is incorrect because legal responsibility for crimes may lie with both the corporation and individual executives.

Question 7

According to the text, which of the following is true of reforms such as new laws, different sanctions, and innovative educational programs, meant to reduce white collar crime?

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that while such reforms may have some impact, they are unlikely to completely eliminate white collar crime. Therefore, option C ("They are likely to have only limited effect") is the best choice.

Question 8

Conservative critics tend to claim that the failure of the government to take strong
action and adopt new laws in response to such problems as the savings and loan
failures causes a great deal of harm.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conservative critics tend to claim that the...

Question 9

Probation is a penal option which:

Accepted Answer

Probation has traditionally been applied to individuals, but in recent years, it has also been applied to organizations. This is known as organizational probation, which involves a company being subject to specific conditions for a period of time to avoid legal action.

Question 10

Which of the following special concerns has been voiced about imposing community service sentences?

Accepted Answer

The concern that the convicted offender can transform community service into a public relations coup has been voiced, meaning that they may use it as a way to improve their image or reputation rather than genuinely give back to the community. The other options are not commonly voiced concerns about community service sentences.

Question 11

Which of the following is not an argument that has been made in favor of incarcerating white collar offenders?

Accepted Answer

Incarceration is not usually seen as essential for the rehabilitation of white collar offenders. Rather, alternative punishments such as fines, community service, or supervised release are often recommended.

Question 12

The media and political attention given to the corporate scandals and Wall Street
financial crisis of the early 2000s has been shown with some evidence to have
transformed public opinion about upper-world offenders.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true, as research has shown that the media coverage and political attention given to corporate scandals and financial crises has led to a shift in public perception towards upper-world offenders, leading to greater scrutiny and calls for accountability.

Question 13

According to Braithwaite, which of the following is not an advantage of enforced self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Braithwaite's concept of enforced self-regulation suggests that corporations would have the flexibility to tailor rules to their specific circumstances (A), innovate in their approaches to compliance (B), and have strong incentives to comply (D). However, the idea that corporations could be hindered from preempting and severely limiting meaningful regulation (C) is not presented as an advantage of enforced self-regulation. Instead, the concern is that without proper oversight, corporations might indeed limit the effectiveness of regulations to their advantage, which is contrary to the goal of enforced self-regulation.

Question 14

Which of the following penal objectives is not fulfilled by occupational disqualification?

Accepted Answer

Occupational disqualification removes a person's ability to work in certain occupations, but it does not aim to rehabilitate them. Instead, it is often used as a form of punishment and incapacitation to prevent the individual from continuing to engage in criminal behavior in a certain field. It may also have a deterrence effect on others who may be tempted to commit similar crimes.

Question 15

Occupational disqualification is likely to have especially devastating consequences for which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

Professionals are likely to be more severely affected by occupational disqualification because their careers are often highly specialized and require specific training and experience.

Question 16

Fines which call for convicted corporations to issue special shares which are placed with a state victim compensation board, which in turn can liquidate them when they can realize a maximum return, are called:

Accepted Answer

Equity fines involve the issuance of special shares by convicted corporations which are held by a state victim compensation board. These shares can be liquidated by the board to realize a maximum return. This type of fine is meant to compensate victims and can be seen as a form of restitution.

Question 17

Which of the following is not an argument that has been made against incarcerating white collar offenders?

Accepted Answer

This is because it is rarely argued that the harm committed by white collar offenders is less than that of conventional offenders. Rather, arguments against incarcerating white collar offenders focus on factors such as their social status, skills, and whether they pose a direct threat to society.

Question 18

In one view, white collar crime principally reflects the overreach of the regulatory
state.

Accepted Answer

White collar crime is often seen as a result of excessive government regulation, which can create opportunities for individuals and corporations to engage in illegal activities.

Question 19

Which group of countries has been especially proactive in addressing white collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Iceland) have been particularly proactive in addressing white collar crime. They have implemented measures such as increasing resources for law enforcement, imposing stricter penalties, and promoting transparency and accountability in business practices. This has resulted in lower levels of white collar crime in these countries compared to other regions.

Question 20

The text suggests that moral outrage in response to white collar crime is neither
necessary nor justifiable.

Accepted Answer

The text does not suggest that moral outrage in response to white collar crime is neither necessary nor justifiable. In fact, the text argues that white collar crime is often overlooked and under-punished, and that moral outrage can help draw attention to these crimes and push for greater accountability.

Quiz 12: Responding to the Challenge of White Collar Crime