Question 1

A recent study suggests that stress associated with interpersonal problems contributes to depression in young people, but only among those who________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A recent study suggests that stress associated...

Question 2

Both humanistic and modern psychodynamic theorists focus on ______ as a causal factor in depression.

Accepted Answer

Both humanistic and modern psychodynamic theories suggest that a loss of self-esteem is a significant factor in the development of depression. Humanistic theorists believe that depression results from an inability to meet one's needs for self-actualization, while psychodynamic theorists suggest that depression is caused by a sense of guilt resulting from repressed anger and an internalized sense of worthlessness.

Question 3

From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______.

Accepted Answer

From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from a lack of self-fulfillment, meaning, and authentic choices in life. Humanistic psychologists view depression as a result of a person's inability to fully realize their potential, and a lack of connection with their authentic self. This can lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and a lack of motivation to pursue meaningful goals. Therefore, the best choice is option D.

Question 4

Freud believed that pathological mourning was most likely to occur in people who had powerful feelings of ______ toward the dead person.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Freud believed that pathological mourning was most...

Question 5

A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______.

Accepted Answer

Self-focused attention is more broadly associated with various forms of psychopathology, not just depression. This broader link suggests that self-focused attention may not be a unique or specific mechanism underlying depression, but rather a feature common to many psychological disorders.

Question 6

A normal grief reaction to the death of a loved one is ______.

Accepted Answer

Bereavement is the normal grief reaction to the death of a loved one, characterized by feelings of sadness, numbness, anger, and disbelief. Major depression, mild depression, and reactive depression may also occur in response to grief, but they are considered to be abnormal reactions.

Question 7

Learning perspectives tend to focus on ______ that contribute to depression.

Accepted Answer

Learning perspectives suggest that situational factors such as negative life events, social rejection, and loss contribute to the development of depression. Personal and esteem factors may be a part of the cognitive perspective, while unconscious conflicts are more aligned with the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 8

Psychodynamic theories see bipolar disorder as the result of shifting dominance between the ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychodynamic theories see bipolar disorder as the...

Question 9

Gina, who has suffered from a major depressive disorder, is seeking help from a therapist who follows Lewinsohn's model linking depression and reinforcement. The therapist will
Probably advise Gina to increase her ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Lewinsohn's model, depression is caused by a decrease in positive reinforcement, which can be improved by increasing pleasurable activities. Therefore, the therapist is likely to advise Gina to increase her engagement in pleasurable activities. The other options (A, C, and D) are not directly linked to Lewinsohn's model of depression and reinforcement.

Question 10

Peter Lewinsohn proposed that depression results from an imbalance between behavior and ______.

Accepted Answer

Peter Lewinsohn's behavioral theory states that depression results from a lack of positive reinforcement for adaptive behavior, leading to a decrease in motivation and an increase in the likelihood of experiencing sad or negative affect. The imbalance is between behavior and reinforcement, not ability, thought, or motivation.

Question 11

Identify the characteristic that has been found to insulate people from depression and suicide attempts during times of stress.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the characteristic that has been found...

Question 12

Carl's wife has just left him for another man. While everyone else can see that Carl's relationship with his wife is truly over, he continues to dwell on ways that he can somehow
Restore the relationship. He cannot bear the loss of self-esteem and security he has suffered
Since his wife left him. Carl's actions are best explained by the ______ model of depression.

Accepted Answer

The self-focusing model of depression explains Carl's behavior as he is excessively focusing on himself and his loss, leading to dwelling on the past relationship.

Question 13

According to the self-focusing model, ______ can help to overcome the loss of self-esteem and the insecurity that leads to depression after the loss of an important relationship.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the self-focusing model, ______ can...

Question 14

According to your text, approximately ______ percent of those with cyclothymia go on to develop full-fledged bipolar disorder.

Accepted Answer

The text states that "about one in three people with cyclothymia will go on to develop full-fledged bipolar disorder."

Question 15

Unemployed people are at highest risk for developing which of the following mood disorders?

Accepted Answer

Unemployed individuals are at a high risk of experiencing major depressive disorder, as the stressors associated with unemployment can lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and a loss of self-worth, which are key symptoms of major depressive disorder. While the stressors associated with unemployment may also increase the risk of developing other mood disorders, major depressive disorder is the most commonly associated mood disorder with unemployment.

Question 16

According to Lewinsohn, the low rate of activity typical of depressed individuals may also be a source of _________.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcement is a type of reinforcement in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a primary reinforcer, and the neutral stimulus eventually becomes a reinforcer on its own. In the case of depressed individuals, the low rate of activity may be a source of secondary reinforcement because it may be paired with positive outcomes, such as attention from others or avoidance of negative outcomes, such as criticism.

Question 17

Research has shown that people suffering from depression engage in ______ following an experience of failure.

Accepted Answer

People suffering from depression tend to have a higher level of self-focusing following an experience of failure. This means that they direct their attention inward to their own thoughts and feelings, often blaming themselves for the failure. This can lead to a cycle of negative self-talk and self-blame, which can contribute to the development and maintenance of depression.

Question 18

Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______.

Accepted Answer

Depression is seen as a loss of self-worth or self-esteem in recent psychodynamic theories.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of depression and stress?

Accepted Answer

Some research indicates that depression is often preceded by significant life stress, suggesting a correlation between stressful events and the onset of depression.

Question 20

Lucy has been depressed since her mother died last month. She has difficulty sleeping and has lost her appetite. Lucy is suffering from ______.

Accepted Answer

Lucy is experiencing bereavement, which is the normal process of grieving after the loss of a loved one. It is not considered a mental disorder, but it can lead to depressive symptoms, such as difficulty sleeping and loss of appetite. However, these symptoms typically improve over time as the person adapts to the loss. Major depression, mild depression, and reactive depression are different types of clinical depression characterized by persistent and severe symptoms that interfere with daily functioning.

Quiz 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide