Question 1

A ________ effect occurs when the perceiver's general impression of a target influences his or her perceptions of the target on more specific dimensions.
A) halo
B) primacy
C) similar-to-me
D) contrast

Accepted Answer

The halo effect occurs when the overall positive or negative impression of a person affects the perception of specific traits, leading to an overall biased view of the person. This can be seen in situations where a person is perceived as attractive or likable and is given positive traits without much evidence.

Question 2

The extent to which a target stands out among a group of people or things is called the target's ________.
A) identity
B) solvency
C) salience
D) novelty

Accepted Answer

Salience refers to how easily the target stands out among a group of people or things, making it more noticeable and memorable. It is an important aspect of marketing and advertising, as products or brands that are more salient are more likely to be noticed and recalled by consumers. Identity refers to the distinct qualities or characteristics that define a person or thing, solvency refers to the ability to pay debts or obligations, and novelty refers to something that is new or unusual.

Question 3

The MOST common internal attributions that people make include ________.
A) genetics, preferences, and luck
B) ability, disposition, and task difficulty
C) personality, luck, and task difficulty
D) ability, personality, and motivation

Accepted Answer

Ability, personality, and motivation are commonly seen as internal factors that influence an individual's behavior, reflecting how people often attribute their own and others' actions to these internal characteristics.

Question 4

A ________ effect occurs when perceptions of a target are influenced by perceptions of others surrounding the target.
A) halo
B) primacy
C) similar-to-me
D) contrast

Accepted Answer

The contrast effect occurs when our perception of a target is influenced by the perception of others who are near the target. For example, if a job candidate is interviewed after an exceptionally poor one, the interviewer may perceive the second candidate as being better than they actually are. This is because the second candidate is being compared to the poor candidate, which makes them seem better than they actually are.

Question 5

The ________ is the biased perception that results when the first pieces of information that people have about some target have an inordinately large influence on their perception of the target.
A) primacy effect
B) contrast effect
C) halo effect
D) person-situation effect

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the phenomenon where people's initial impressions of a target have a greater influence on their perception of the target compared to later information. This can lead to a biased perception that is influenced by the first pieces of information.

Question 6

Tom Seigmund, a supervisor of engineering at Thomas & Shaffer, Inc., is proud that his engineering staff wins the company basketball tournament each year. A key contributor to their success on the court is that most of the engineers, like Tom, are over 6' 5" and played college basketball. This extracurricular anecdote may indicate that engineering hiring decisions are impacted by ________.
A) leniency bias
B) contrast effect
C) similar-to-me bias
D) halo effect

Accepted Answer

The extracurricular anecdote suggests that the engineering hiring decisions are impacted by similar-to-me bias, as the engineers who are hired are similar to Tom (supervisor of engineering) in terms of their height and basketball experience.

Question 7

Which of the following would LEAST LIKELY cause salience?
A) wearing jeans to work when the dress code does not allow it
B) wearing a red dress to a funeral
C) wearing a shirt and tie to an important business meeting
D) wearing sandals in the middle of a snow storm

Accepted Answer

Wearing a shirt and tie to an important business meeting is a typical and expected behavior, making it the least likely to cause salience, which refers to something that stands out conspicuously in a particular context.

Question 8

________ is a prediction that comes true because a perceiver expects it to come true.
A) Déjà vu
B) Attribution
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Self-serving effect

Accepted Answer

Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a prediction or expectation that leads to behaviors that cause the prediction to come true. In other words, a person's belief or expectation influences their behavior in such a way that it brings about the expected outcome. This can occur both in positive and negative ways. For example, if a teacher expects a student to excel in academics, they may provide more attention and resources to that student, thereby leading to improved academic performance. Similarly, if a person expects to fail in a task, they may display behaviors that hinder their success, ultimately leading to failure.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a source of bias?
A) primacy effect
B) angel effect
C) contrast effect
D) similar-to-me effect

Accepted Answer

The angel effect is not a commonly recognized source of bias, unlike the other options. The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first piece of information given, while the contrast effect occurs when one's judgement of something is affected by a comparison with something else. The similar-to-me effect is when individuals are more likely to favor people who share similarities with them.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?
A) A stereotype threat can affect the performance of individuals who are salient for a variety of reasons.
B) When people who are salient think about stereotypes that are relevant to task performance, their performance might become impaired.
C) Salience always heightens one's ability to focus on the task at hand.
D) Salience due to race has particularly powerful effects on perception.

Accepted Answer

Although salience can sometimes increase focus on a task, it does not always do so. Salience can also lead to distraction and reduced performance, as described in statements A and B. Therefore, statement C is false. Statements A, B, and D are true.

Question 11

Leniency, harshness, and average tendency biases are problematic because they ________.
A) impact evaluation accuracy and comparability
B) affect minority workers more severely than they do other workers
C) can result in self-fulfilling prophecies
D) change objective reality

Accepted Answer

Leniency, harshness, and average tendency biases can impact the accuracy and comparability of evaluations because they result in inconsistent and unreliable assessments. This can lead to unfair evaluations and potentially negative consequences for employees.

Question 12

During his first year of working at a law firm, Danny earned the respect of his supervisors by consistently producing very high quality work. Though the quality of Danny's work declined in his second year of employment, his supervisors continued to view his work very positively. This is an example of the ________ affect.
A) halo
B) primacy
C) similar-to-me
D) contrast

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the halo effect, which occurs when an initial positive impression of someone in one area affects one's overall perception of them, even if their performance or behavior in other areas is less impressive. In this case, Danny's high-quality work in his first year created a positive impression that influenced his supervisors' overall view of his work, despite a decline in quality in his second year.

Question 13

When Janet Reams started her new job at Chrismer and Park Company, her supervisor was told that Janet had scored higher than any other applicant on the qualifying examination. After several weeks on the job, Janet's performance was excellent and far superior to others who had started work at about the same time. Her supervisor was later told that there had been an error and that Janet had scored about average on the qualifying exam. Janet may have benefited from ________.
A) a knowledge-of-predictor bias
B) a similar-to-me bias
C) the luck of the draw
D) the perceiver's knowledge base

Accepted Answer

Janet may have benefited from a knowledge-of-predictor bias, where her supervisor's expectation of her high performance based on her initial test score influenced their perception of her performance.

Question 14

Individuals who are salient are often perceived in ________ inconspicuous members of a group.
A) more neutral terms than
B) more extreme terms than
C) less extreme terms than
D) the same terms as

Accepted Answer

Salient individuals are often perceived in more extreme terms than inconspicuous members of a group because they stand out and therefore attract more attention, leading to stronger judgments.

Question 15

A ________ is a systematic tendency to use, ignore, or interpret information about a target in a particular way that results in inaccurate perceptions.
A) stereotype
B) bias
C) paradigm
D) schema

Accepted Answer

Bias refers to the influence of personal feelings, judgments, or preferences that may distort or slant interpretations of information. Stereotype refers to a fixed or oversimplified belief about a group or category of people that may lead to generalized and often negative or inaccurate assumptions. Paradigm refers to the dominant way of understanding or interpreting a particular phenomenon or field of study. Schema refers to a cognitive framework or mental structure that helps organize and interpret information about a concept or object. While all of these concepts can potentially contribute to inaccurate perceptions, bias specifically denotes a systematic tendency to distort information in a particular way.

Question 16

In order for knowledge-of-predictor bias to impact the instructor's evaluation of a student, the ________.
A) instructor must know the student's class schedule
B) instructor must have access to some predictor of academic performance
C) instructor must have access to the student's schedule of extra-curricular activities
D) instructor must know the student's career plans

Accepted Answer

Knowledge-of-predictor bias occurs when the evaluator has knowledge of some predictor of academic performance, such as a student's standardized test scores or prior grades. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Knowing the student's class schedule, extracurricular activities or career plans would not necessarily lead to knowledge-of-predictor bias.

Question 17

The MOST common external attributions relate to ________.
A) task difficulty and luck
B) situation and timing
C) ability and personality
D) motivation and emotions

Accepted Answer

External attributions are explanations for an individual's behavior that relate to factors outside the person, such as task difficulty and luck, rather than internal factors like ability or personality.

Question 18

Travis Randall often boasts of his ability to "size up" candidates interviewing for a new job in the first 30 seconds of the interview. He notes that the rest of the interview is spent collecting information to prove to his boss why his initial assessment is correct. This is an example of ________.
A) stereotype
B) bias
C) primacy effect
D) schema

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the primacy effect, where the first impression has a disproportionate influence on one's evaluation of subsequent information. Travis Randall forms an initial judgment in the first 30 seconds and then spends the rest of the interview looking for evidence to support this first impression.

Question 19

An attempt to decide why someone behaves in a certain way is a(n) ________.
A) attribution
B) bias
C) schema
D) justification

Accepted Answer

An attribution is an attempt to explain why someone behaves in a certain way. Biases, schemas, and justifications may all be involved in making attributions, but they are not the same thing. Biases are preconceived beliefs that can influence judgments and decisions. Schemas are mental frameworks that organize knowledge and guide thinking. Justifications are reasons or arguments used to defend or explain a decision or behavior.

Question 20

________ should NOT affect how a person is perceived by others.
A) Gender
B) Ability
C) Salience
D) Perception

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ should NOT affect how a person...

Quiz 4: Perception Attribution and the Management of Diversity

A ________ effect occurs when the perceiver's general impression of a target influences his or her perceptions of the target on more specific dimensions.

The extent to which a target stands out among a group of people or things is called the target's ________.

The MOST common internal attributions that people make include ________.

A ________ effect occurs when perceptions of a target are influenced by perceptions of others surrounding the target.

The ________ is the biased perception that results when the first pieces of information that people have about some target have an inordinately large influence on their perception of the target.

Which of the following would LEAST LIKELY cause salience?

________ is a prediction that comes true because a perceiver expects it to come true.

Which of the following is NOT a source of bias?

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

Leniency, harshness, and average tendency biases are problematic because they ________.

Individuals who are salient are often perceived in ________ inconspicuous members of a group.

A ________ is a systematic tendency to use, ignore, or interpret information about a target in a particular way that results in inaccurate perceptions.

In order for knowledge-of-predictor bias to impact the instructor's evaluation of a student, the ________.

The MOST common external attributions relate to ________.

Travis Randall often boasts of his ability to "size up" candidates interviewing for a new job in the first 30 seconds of the interview. He notes that the rest of the interview is spent collecting information to prove to his boss why his initial assessment is correct. This is an example of ________.

An attempt to decide why someone behaves in a certain way is a(n) ________.

________ should NOT affect how a person is perceived by others.