Question 1

Organized anarchy is characterized by rapid change and a collegial, nonbureaucratic environment.

Accepted Answer

Organized anarchy refers to a type of organization that combines elements of both organization and anarchy. While there is no formal hierarchy or bureaucracy, there are still systems and structures in place to enable effective communication and decision-making. This type of organization is known for its agility and ability to respond quickly to changes, while also fostering a collaborative and non-hierarchical culture.

Question 2

The incremental model puts major emphasis on political and social factors that influence decision outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The incremental model is a decision-making model that emphasizes small, gradual changes over time rather than revolutionary or rapid changes. It does not specifically focus on political and social factors, although they may certainly play a role in the decision-making process.

Question 3

List and describe the steps of the rational approach to decision making.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

Problem consensus refers to understanding and agreement about how to solve problems and reach organizational goals.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Based on the fact that the Carnegie approach relies on rich face-to-face communication, discuss limitations of the approach for organizational decision making.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

The Carnegie Model of organizational decision making was developed by Max Weber.

Accepted Answer

The Carnegie Model of organizational decision making was developed by Herbert A. Simon and James G. March, not Max Weber. Max Weber was a sociologist who contributed to the study of bureaucracy and organizational theory, but he did not develop the Carnegie Model.

Question 7

A decision interrupt occurs when an organization must cycle back through a previous decision and try something new.

Accepted Answer

A decision interrupt is when an organization realizes that a previous decision is not working out and they need to go back and try something new.

Question 8

What is a problemistic search? What is its role in decision making?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Problem consensus, and technical knowledge about the means to solve those problems, are two of the characteristics of organizations that determine which decision approaches are used.

Accepted Answer

Problem consensus and technical knowledge play a significant role in determining the decision-making approach used by organizations, particularly when it comes to solving complex problems. These factors can influence whether a participative, authoritative, or consultative approach is appropriate, among other possibilities.

Question 10

Explain what is meant by the bounded rationality perspective of decision making. Provide an example of decision making in your own life in which you can observe the effects of bounded rationality.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

High-velocity environments call for decision makers to depend heavily on one or two savvy, trusted colleagues as counsellors, even though everyone is ultimately involved in the decision.

Accepted Answer

High-velocity environments, which are characterized by fast-paced and unpredictable changes, often require decision makers to rely on a small group of trusted advisors who can provide valuable insights and guidance. This does not mean that others are not involved in the decision-making process, but rather that the counsel of a few key individuals can be especially important in such high-pressure situations.

Question 12

Problemistic search means that managers look around in the extended environment until they find the perfect solution to eventually resolve a problem.

Accepted Answer

Problemistic search means that managers identify a problem and then search for potential solutions. They assess the effectiveness of various options before selecting the best one. It is not about randomly looking around until the perfect solution appears.

Question 13

The selection phase of the incremental model is very clear that managers must analyze and choose on the basis of objective criteria in order to avoid any future delay that would interrupt implementation.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

What is a decision interrupt? Give at least two examples from your own experience.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

In the garbage can model, potential solutions may be independent of problems, but they are ideas brought to organizational consciousness because participants are attracted to those ideas for some logical or illogical reason.

Accepted Answer

This is true. The garbage can model suggests that potential solutions may be brought to the attention of an organization without being directly related to any current problem, but rather because participants are drawn to those ideas for various reasons.

Question 16

Management science sometimes produces decision failures, in part because quantitative data are not rich.

Accepted Answer

Management science relies heavily on quantitative data and mathematical models for decision-making, but these tools may not always capture the complexities and nuances of real-world situations. Decision failures may occur when important qualitative factors are not taken into account, or when assumptions and input data turn out to be inaccurate or incomplete. Therefore, the statement is true that management science sometimes produces decision failures due to the lack of rich quantitative data.

Question 17

The Carnegie Model and the incremental model disagree with each other on how decisions are made-the former claiming that they are made through a political process and the latter claiming that they emerge over time following careful objective analysis.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Two explanations for managers escalating commitment to a failing decision are that (1) managers block or distort negative information when they are personally responsible for a negative decision and (2) consistency and persistence are valued in contemporary society.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that managers do tend to block or distort negative information when they are personally responsible for a negative decision, and that consistency and persistence are often valued and rewarded in contemporary society. These factors can contribute to escalation of commitment to a failing decision.

Question 19

In the textbook, he Gillette Company was given as an example of using a certain decision-making approach in the design of razors such as the Sensor. Explain the decision-making approach that was used.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Based on the fact that the management science approach uses quantitative data, which are not rich, discuss limitations of the approach for organizational decision making.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 12: Decision-Making Processes