Question 1

How do clinical guideline panels contribute to outcomes research? Clinical guidelines:
A) conduct a review of the available literature on a condition and send it to the facility for adoption.
B) create health care protocols that incorporate recommended clinical guidelines.
C) critique evidence-based practice for funding purposes.
D) incorporate evidence on health outcomes into recommendations concerning management strategies.

Accepted Answer

Clinical guideline panels are developed to incorporate available evidence on health outcomes into sets of recommendations concerning appropriate management strategies for patients with the studied conditions.
The reviews of literature are conducted by a number of organizations from around the world. Clinical guideline panels are developed to incorporate available evidence on health outcomes into sets of recommendations concerning appropriate management strategies for patients with the studied conditions.
Clinical guideline panels are developed to incorporate available evidence on health outcomes into sets of recommendations concerning appropriate management strategies for patients with the studied conditions.
They do not fund projects themselves, although they may seek funding. Clinical guideline panels are developed to incorporate available evidence on health outcomes into sets of recommendations concerning appropriate management strategies for patients with the studied conditions.

Question 2

The methodology of outcomes research makes use of all but which of the following?
A) Economic theory
B) Epidemiology
C) Evaluation methods
D) Health policy

Accepted Answer

The health policy may change as a result of outcomes research, but is not a method used to conduct it.
Economic theory can guide outcomes research.
The methods used in epidemiological research are used in outcomes research.
Outcomes research uses evaluation methods as a means to derive plausible responses to determine effectiveness of implemented interventions for studied clinical problems. The health policy may change as a result of outcomes research, but is not a method used to conduct it.

Question 3

Which statement best reflects why nurse-sensitive quality indicators are extremely important to the profession? Nurse-sensitive quality indicators:
A) are directly related to what nurses do for their patients.
B) are used to determine salary increases in performance reviews.
C) provide an opportunity to demonstrate a high level of expertise.
D) provide the profession with a means to monitor ways to provide quality patient care.

Accepted Answer

Focusing in on strategies that nurses have responsibility for is important to the profession because it helps demonstrate the role of the nurse.
Although evaluating how well an individual performs using established criteria is useful in providing an accurate and realistic review, this is not the purpose of nurse-sensitive quality indicators. Focusing in on strategies that nurses have responsibility for is important to the profession because it helps demonstrate the role of the nurse.
It is really the fact that nurses are responsible, rather than a requirement for a high degree of expertise. Focusing in on strategies that nurses have responsibility for is important to the profession because it helps demonstrate the role of the nurse.
Providing quality care is extremely important, but that is important to all health care professionals. Focusing in on strategies that nurses have responsibility for is important to the profession because it helps demonstrate the role of the nurse.

Question 4

According to the nursing role effectiveness model, which of the following would affect the nurse's ability to engage effectively in an activity, such as giving a patient a back rub to help promote sleep?
A) Dependent role functions
B) Execution of medical orders
C) Nurse-physician relationship
D) Patient acuity level

Accepted Answer

Patient acuity level, a general indicator of the health status of the patient, would affect the nurse's ability to effectively engage in care activities, and is a variable in the nursing role effectiveness model.
Dependent role functions, such as ordering medications, is not solely under the nurses' practice domain, and is not a variable in the nursing role effectiveness model.
Execution of medical orders, such as obtaining cultures, is not solely under the nurses' practice domain, and is not a variable in the nursing role effectiveness model.
The nurse-physician relationship is not a variable in the nursing role effectiveness model.

Question 5

A researcher is looking particularly at the organizational hierarchy of a health care system. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?
A) Practice styles
B) Process of care
C) Quality of care
D) Structure of care

Accepted Answer

Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Practice styles are a dimension of process of care and influence quality. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Processes of care are guided by structures of care, which include the elements of organization and administration. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Quality of care is the overriding goal and not a specific aspect of quality health care. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.

Question 6

The addition of the patient, family, and community as providers of care as well as the recipients of care to the theory of quality health care was important because:
A) evaluating total care is important.
B) health has many different aspects.
C) the theory is based on quality.
D) they then align with nursing theories.

Accepted Answer

Because quality health care is a goal of nurses, including all groups as possible givers and recipients of care allows nurses to embrace this theory and build on it.
Although this is True, it is not a reason to include the patient, family, and community. Because quality health care is a goal of nurses, including all groups as possible givers and recipients of care allows nurses to embrace this theory and build on it.
Although this is True, it is not a reason to include the patient, family, and community. Because quality health care is a goal of nurses, including all groups as possible givers and recipients of care allows nurses to embrace this theory and build on it.
Although this is True, it is not a reason to include the patient, family, and community. Because quality health care is a goal of nurses, including all groups as possible givers and recipients of care allows nurses to embrace this theory and build on it.

Question 7

The American Nurses Association (ANA) launched a major initiative to identify data to support better nursing coverage in patient care areas. What was this called? The:
A) American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care
B) National Institute for Nursing Research
C) Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative
D) Patient Outcomes Research Team projects

Accepted Answer

The ANA in collaboration with the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care launched a plan called the Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and collect and analyze data using these indicators from around the United States.
The ANA in collaboration with the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care launched a plan called the Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and collect and analyze data using these indicators from around the United States.
The National Institute for Nursing Research assists with nursing research by funding projects. The ANA in collaboration with the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care launched a plan called the Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and collect and analyze data using these indicators from around the United States.
A major task of PORTs was to disseminate their findings and change the practice of health care providers to improve patient outcomes. The ANA in collaboration with the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care launched a plan called the Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and collect and analyze data using these indicators from around the United States.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding costs of care?
A) Certain savings come from cutting hospital personnel and shortening patient stays.
B) Hospitals need to keep patients in the facility longer if they want to continue to make a profit.
C) If an institution is going to provide quality care, it might as well accept that it will see a loss of profits.
D) Providing quality care is costly, but total savings can be realized when one looks at the whole picture.

Accepted Answer

Providing more and better care can lead to increased costs in the short-term analysis, but is also likely to produce savings because of fewer complications, return visits for complications, and increased patient and health care provider satisfaction, leading to subsequent visits for other concerns and referrals.
There is no evidence that long-term savings actually occur when a hospital implements these strategies. In fact, recent research findings demonstrate that increased mortality and complications occur with decrease in BSN-prepared nursing staff numbers in relation to patient numbers.
Longer stays do not necessarily improve the economic outlook of hospitals. Longer stays can result in reduced profit, particularly when payment is based on average cost of stay for standard procedures and illnesses.
Although costs do go up when providing quality care, there are also cost savings, often resulting in no difference in total profits.

Question 9

What theorist proposed a theory of quality health care and the process of evaluating it?
A) Donabedian
B) Gambone
C) Loegering
D) Reiter

Accepted Answer

Avedis Donabedian is the originator of the theory.
Avedis Donabedian is the originator of the theory. Loegering, Reiter, and Gambone modified Donabedian's theory a bit to include the patient, family, and community as providers of care and the recipients of care.
Avedis Donabedian is the originator of the theory. Loegering, Reiter, and Gambone modified Donabedian's theory a bit to include the patient, family, and community as providers of care and the recipients of care.
Avedis Donabedian is the originator of the theory. Loegering, Reiter, and Gambone modified Donabedian's theory a bit to include the patient, family, and community as providers of care and the recipients of care.

Question 10

If a researcher wants to conduct outcomes research, what is a major difference between it and a typical quantitative study?
A) A definite plan must be developed, including all steps of the research.
B) Process and causal links must be justified.
C) The study requires a large sample.
D) There is a need for two groups-the subjects of care and the providers of care.

Accepted Answer

The theory requires that identified outcomes be clearly linked with the process that caused the outcome. The researcher must define the process and justify the causal links with the selected outcomes. This requires a dialogue between the subjects of care and the providers of care.
This is True of any research project. The theory requires that identified outcomes be clearly linked with the process that caused the outcome. The researcher must define the process and justify the causal links with the selected outcomes. This requires a dialogue between the subjects of care and the providers of care.
Large samples may be required with many quantitative studies. The theory requires that identified outcomes be clearly linked with the process that caused the outcome. The researcher must define the process and justify the causal links with the selected outcomes. This requires a dialogue between the subjects of care and the providers of care.
Quantitative research often requires two groups of subjects. The theory requires that identified outcomes be clearly linked with the process that caused the outcome. The researcher must define the process and justify the causal links with the selected outcomes. This requires a dialogue between the subjects of care and the providers of care.

Question 11

A researcher is looking particularly at the financial management of a health care system. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?
A) Practice styles
B) Process of care
C) Quality of care
D) Structure of care

Accepted Answer

Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Practice styles are a dimension of process of care and influence quality. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Quality of care is the overriding goal and not a specific aspect of quality health care. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.

Question 12

When creating samples for outcomes research, which of the following is not a generally accepted guideline to follow?
A) All patients are represented.
B) Heterogeneous samples are preferred.
C) Random sampling is very desirable.
D) Very large samples are needed.

Accepted Answer

Random sampling is generally not encouraged, as it does not allow for the researcher to influence the sample characteristics. Typical sampling criteria for outcomes research include obtaining a very large, heterogenous sample in which all patients have the likelihood of being represented.
Typical sampling criteria for outcomes research include obtaining a very large, heterogenous sample in which all patients have the likelihood of being represented.
Typical sampling criteria for outcomes research include obtaining a very large, heterogenous sample in which all patients have the likelihood of being represented.
Typical sampling criteria for outcomes research include obtaining a very large, heterogenous sample in which all patients have the likelihood of being represented.

Question 13

What costs would not be typically considered in a cost-benefit analysis to decide if an adult child quitting school and moving home so as to take care of an invalid parent would be cost effective?
A) Household living
B) Insurance
C) Out-of-pocket
D) Provider

Accepted Answer

A cost-benefit analysis assesses alternative ways of using resources, and the one that produces the greatest benefit is chosen. Alternative approaches are compared to identify the strategy that provides the most value for the money. Typically, the costs that would be considered include out-of-pocket, opportunity, insurance, and provider costs.
Insurance costs, both for the adult child and the invalid parent, are costs that need to be considered in cost-benefit ratio decisions.
Out-of-pocket costs, such as deductibles and medications, are costs that need to be considered in cost-benefit ratio decisions.
Provider costs, such as the possible use of home health assistants and extended care services, are costs that need to be considered in cost-benefit ratio decisions.

Question 14

Which of the following is a major component of the nursing role effectiveness model?
A) Patient-health outcomes
B) Patient interaction
C) Physician understanding of the nurse role
D) Staff-patient ratio

Accepted Answer

Structure, the nurse's role, and patient-health outcomes are components.
Patient interaction is not a component of the nursing role effectiveness model. Structure, the nurse's role, and patient-health outcomes are components.
Physician understanding of the nurse role is not a component of the nursing role effectiveness model. Structure, the nurse's role, and patient-health outcomes are components.
Staff-patient ratio is not a component of the nursing role effectiveness model. Structure, the nurse's role, and patient-health outcomes are components.

Question 15

A researcher conducting outcomes research is focusing on what component of patient care?
A) Assessment
B) Care planning
C) Interventions
D) Evaluation

Accepted Answer

Although an understanding of all processes used to provide patient care (care planning, interventions, and evaluation) is necessary to explain end results, they are not the focus of outcomes research. Outcomes research focuses on the end results of patient care.
Outcomes research focuses on the end results or evaluation component of the nursing process.
Outcomes research focuses on the end results or evaluation component of the nursing care process.
Outcomes research focuses on the end results or evaluation component of the nursing care process.

Question 16

Which of the following is the specific problem in trying to conduct "true" outcomes research?
A) Health care personnel are too busy.
B) It would require more funding than is ordinarily available.
C) Researchers have little interest in outcomes research.
D) There is fear of what the study will discover about the health care facility.

Accepted Answer

A complete quality assessment program requires the simultaneous appraisal of structure, process, and outcome. Resources for studies that would be able to do all three require very large samples. The funding and cooperation necessary to accomplish this goal are not yet available.
The fact that health care personnel are busy does not specifically preclude outcomes research. A complete quality assessment program requires the simultaneous appraisal of structure, process, and outcome. Resources for studies that would be able to do all three require very large samples. The funding and cooperation necessary to accomplish this goal are not yet available.
There are researchers who have a great deal of interest in outcomes research. A complete quality assessment program requires the simultaneous appraisal of structure, process, and outcome. Resources for studies that would be able to do all three require very large samples. The funding and cooperation necessary to accomplish this goal are not yet available.
Although there may be some individuals who fear findings of outcome research, this is not the major reason for its scarcity. A complete quality assessment program requires the simultaneous appraisal of structure, process, and outcome. Resources for studies that would be able to do all three require very large samples. The funding and cooperation necessary to accomplish this goal are not yet available.

Question 17

Staffing patterns is one area of study related to quality health care outcomes. What are the most current findings?
A) A policy change should be implemented in hospitals based on the findings.
B) Low levels of RN staffing were associated with higher rates of serious complications.
C) Student nurses could assume some of the duties of RNs to alleviate the staff shortage.
D) The most important thing was to have enough personnel to give a good staff-to-patient ratio.

Accepted Answer

The most current findings overwhelmingly show that low levels of RN staffing are associated with higher mortality rates and complications.
Although policy changes involving RN-patient staffing ratios may be the outcome of such research, no definite ratios or recommendations have been set.
The replacement of registered nurses with student nurses is not a finding of the studies.
Although it is important to have enough personnel to provide good staff-patient ratio, the focus of the study was patient outcome and RN ratio.

Question 18

Which of the following define standards of care?
A) Care maps
B) Tradition
C) Trial and error
D) Practitioner preference

Accepted Answer

A standard of care is a norm on which quality of care is judged. Clinical guidelines, critical paths, and care maps all are based on objective data that are evidence based and define standards of care.
Tradition is a method that is often based on trial and error that worked in certain situations, and has been carried over to subsequent generations of care providers. Traditional results may be credible, but are not empirically tested, and therefore do not fit the criteria of evidence-based practice.
Trial and error often can be haphazard in approach; it is not conducted in an objective, scientific, and rigorous method. Trial-and-error results may be credible, but are not empirically tested, and therefore do not fit the criteria of evidence-based practice.
Practitioner preference may be a conglomeration of many methods, including tradition, trial and error, anecdotal results, as well as evidence-based practice. However, it is not a systematic approach, empirically tested, and therefore does not fit the criteria of evidence-based practice.

Question 19

Perhaps the biggest obstacle to outcomes research is that:
A) experimental research is much more interesting.
B) it is extremely complex and difficult to plan and control.
C) many researchers are simply not interested in it.
D) very few people are capable of conducting an appropriate study.

Accepted Answer

Any one outcome may be influenced by a large variety of factors. It is also difficult to limit those factors to health care ones because environmental factors, patient factors, and others are involved in the situation.
Although experimental research may be more interesting to some people, it is not significantly more interesting to exclude interest in outcomes research. Any one outcome may be influenced by a large variety of factors. It is also difficult to limit those factors to health care ones because environmental factors, patient factors, and others are involved in the situation.
There are many individuals interested in quality patient care outcomes. Any one outcome may be influenced by a large variety of factors. It is also difficult to limit those factors to health care ones because environmental factors, patient factors, and others are involved in the situation.
Sufficient education is needed for all research endeavors. Any one outcome may be influenced by a large variety of factors. It is also difficult to limit those factors to health care ones because environmental factors, patient factors, and others are involved in the situation.

Question 20

A researcher is looking particularly at the decision-making process within a health care institution. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?
A) Practice styles
B) Process of care
C) Quality of care
D) Structure of care

Accepted Answer

Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Practice styles are a dimension of process of care and influence quality. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.
Quality of care is the overriding goal and not a specific aspect of quality health care. Structures of care are the elements of organization and administration that guide the process of care. These elements might be leadership, tolerance of innovativeness, organizational hierarchy, decision-making processes, distribution of power, financial management, and administrative decision-making processes.

Quiz 14: Introduction to Outcomes Research

How do clinical guideline panels contribute to outcomes research? Clinical guidelines:

The methodology of outcomes research makes use of all but which of the following?

Which statement best reflects why nurse-sensitive quality indicators are extremely important to the profession? Nurse-sensitive quality indicators:

According to the nursing role effectiveness model, which of the following would affect the nurse's ability to engage effectively in an activity, such as giving a patient a back rub to help promote sleep?

A researcher is looking particularly at the organizational hierarchy of a health care system. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?

The addition of the patient, family, and community as providers of care as well as the recipients of care to the theory of quality health care was important because:

The American Nurses Association (ANA) launched a major initiative to identify data to support better nursing coverage in patient care areas. What was this called? The:

Which of the following statements is true regarding costs of care?

What theorist proposed a theory of quality health care and the process of evaluating it?

If a researcher wants to conduct outcomes research, what is a major difference between it and a typical quantitative study?

A researcher is looking particularly at the financial management of a health care system. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?

When creating samples for outcomes research, which of the following is not a generally accepted guideline to follow?

What costs would not be typically considered in a cost-benefit analysis to decide if an adult child quitting school and moving home so as to take care of an invalid parent would be cost effective?

Which of the following is a major component of the nursing role effectiveness model?

A researcher conducting outcomes research is focusing on what component of patient care?

Which of the following is the specific problem in trying to conduct "true" outcomes research?

Staffing patterns is one area of study related to quality health care outcomes. What are the most current findings?

Which of the following define standards of care?

Perhaps the biggest obstacle to outcomes research is that:

A researcher is looking particularly at the decision-making process within a health care institution. What specific aspect of quality health care would this address?