Which of the Following Situations Can Be Described as Paternalism

Which of the following situations can be described as paternalism?

A) The physician decides to withhold news of her son's death because he believes the patient will be less able to recover from her injuries if she is grieving.
B) The physician calls the health care team, patient, and patient's family together to collaborate on alternative strategies to solve an ethical dilemma.
C) A nursing assistant in the newborn nursery hides in an empty room to bottle-feed a breastfed baby because she says, "the mother doesn't have enough milk and he is starving!"
D) All of the above
E) a and c