Question 1

When a researcher studies crime and justice phenomena without affecting it, without the subjects knowing they are being studied, we called that _________.

Accepted Answer

Unobtrusive measures refer to research methods that do not interfere with or influence the behaviors or phenomena being studied. This allows researchers to collect data in a more natural and authentic setting, without introducing biases or altering the outcomes. This approach is often used in crime and justice research to investigate sensitive or illegal behaviors, where direct observation or systematic observation may not be feasible or ethical.

Question 2

When a researcher studies left behind artifacts, existing data, graffiti art, and documents it is called _______________.

Accepted Answer

Nonreactive data refers to studying existing artifacts, documents, and other evidence without directly interacting with the subjects being studied. This includes left behind artifacts, graffiti art, and other forms of indirect observation. Direct observation (A) involves watching and observing subjects in real-time, while systematic observation (C) is a type of direct observation that is structured and planned. "Snooping" (D) has a negative connotation and is not a professional or appropriate term to use in research.

Question 3

Who wrote the most important book in nonreactive research?

Accepted Answer

Eugene J. Webb co-authored "Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences," which is considered a seminal work in the field of nonreactive research methods.

Question 4

When data is collected in such a way that the people being studied are unaware that they are part of a study it is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Unobtrusive observation is when data is collected without the knowledge or participation of the subjects being studied. This can involve analyzing existing documents or artifacts, or observing behavior in a hidden or disguised manner. Choices A, B, and D all involve some level of awareness or consent from the subjects.

Question 5

A set of instructions or rules used in content analysis to explain how a researcher systematically converted the symbolic content from text into quantitative data refers to which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A coding system is a set of instructions or rules used in content analysis to explain how a researcher systematically converted the symbolic content from text into quantitative data. It involves assigning specific codes to elements of the text based on predefined categories and criteria. The coded data can then be analyzed statistically to identify patterns and relationships in the content.

Question 6

The research highlighted in the chapter on shoplifting emphasized the use of what type of data collection method.

Accepted Answer

Unobtrusive observation is a method often highlighted in research on behaviors like shoplifting, as it allows researchers to observe subjects in their natural environment without influencing their behavior.

Question 7

Coding systems identify four characteristics of text content. They are:

Accepted Answer

Coding systems, particularly in the context of content analysis or data processing, often focus on quantifiable aspects of text such as Frequency (how often something appears), Space (the physical or conceptual space it occupies), Direction (the orientation or direction of the content's focus), and Intensity (the level of emphasis or strength of the content). These characteristics help in analyzing and interpreting text data systematically. Choices B, C, and D relate more to physical or geometric measurements that are not directly applicable to text content analysis.

Question 8

Which of the following cannot be considered text?

Accepted Answer

All of these options can be considered text. Books and documents are traditionally recognized as text in written form, while speeches can be transcribed into text, making them all valid forms of text.

Question 9

A technique for gathering and analyzing the content of text is called _______.

Accepted Answer

Content analysis is a technique used for systematically analyzing the content of texts to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. It involves developing categories and codes to classify the data and analyzing the frequency and distribution of these categories to draw conclusions about the content. Documentation refers to the process of recording and keeping track of information, data gathering is the process of collecting data or information, and analysis is the process of examining information to draw conclusions or make judgments. However, none of these terms specifically refer to the technique of gathering and analyzing the content of text.

Question 10

Which of the following fields does not use content analysis?

Accepted Answer

All the fields mentioned, including political science, journalism, and literature, utilize content analysis as a method for studying documents, speeches, media content, and other forms of communication.

Question 11

At the first meeting of the German Sociological Society, in 1910, ______ suggested using content analysis to study newspapers.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber suggested using content analysis to study newspapers at the first meeting of the German Sociological Society in 1910.

Question 12

A method of watching what is happening in a social setting that is highly organized and follows systematic rules for observation and documentation is called _______.

Accepted Answer

Structured observation is a specific method of observing social behavior that involves creating a structured plan for observation, including specific rules for when, where, and how data will be collected. This method often involves using a coding system to categorize observed behavior and may involve multiple observers to ensure accuracy and reliability of data.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the four characteristics of text content?

Accepted Answer

Validity is not considered a characteristic of text content in the context of analyzing its properties like frequency, direction, and intensity. These characteristics are often discussed in content analysis, sentiment analysis, and other text analysis methodologies, where the focus is on quantifying and categorizing text data rather than assessing its validity.

Question 14

A type of content analysis coding in which a researcher identifies subjective meaning such as themes or motifs and then systematically locates them in a communication medium is called ___________.

Accepted Answer

Latent coding involves identifying subjective meaning and themes in a communication medium, whereas manifest coding involves identifying and coding specific observable behaviors or characteristics. Intercoder reliability refers to the consistency of coding across multiple coders, and standard coding may refer to using a predetermined set of codes or categories for analysis.

Question 15

A communication medium in the form of either a still or video image is called a ___________.

Accepted Answer

A visual "text" refers to any communication medium that uses still or video images to convey information or messages, fitting the description provided.

Question 16

When a researcher counts the number of times a phrase or word appears in a written text it is called ______________.

Accepted Answer

Counting the number of times a phrase or word appears in a written text is an example of manifest coding, which involves identifying and categorizing visible, observable, and explicit content or patterns. Latent coding, on the other hand, involves identifying and categorizing underlying or implicit meanings, themes, or constructs. Intercoder reliability refers to the degree of agreement or consistency between different coders or researchers in their coding decisions. Standard coding may refer to a set of predefined codes, categories, or rules for coding, but it does not specifically relate to counting the frequency of a word or phrase.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true with regard to "missing data" in existing statistics research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is true...

Question 18

Unobtrusive research has the advantage that the data collection process does not affect ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unobtrusive research has the advantage that the...

Question 19

A technique for gathering and analyzing the content of _____ is called content analysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A technique for gathering and analyzing the...

Question 20

Coding systems identify four characteristics of text content: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Coding systems identify four characteristics of text...

Quiz 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics