Question 1

The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child,
A)she survived an attempted electrocution.
B)she escaped and later married Thomas Willis,a famous neurologist.
C)she survived an attempted hanging.
D)she escaped and later became a famous neurologist.

Accepted Answer

Anne Green survived an attempted hanging, which was a rare occurrence at the time.

Question 2

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the ________ contributes to language comprehension.
A)right frontotemporal area
B)left frontotemporal area
C)right temporoparietal area
D)left temporoparietal area

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's proposal is known as Wernicke's area or the Wernicke's region, which is located in the left temporoparietal area of the brain, specifically in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus.

Question 3

Localizationist is to ________ as holistic is to ________.
A)Wernicke / Gall
B)Gall / Flourens
C)Flourens / Broca
D)Broca / Wernicke

Accepted Answer

Localizationist theories, such as those proposed by Gall, suggest that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions. In contrast, holistic theories, like those advocated by Flourens, argue that brain functions are not localized but rather distributed across the brain.

Question 4

As a first approximation,individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________,whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________.
A)fine motor control / the sense of touch
B)the sense of touch / fine motor control
C)the production of language / the perception of language
D)the perception of language / the production of language

Accepted Answer

The left inferior frontal lobe, particularly Broca's area, is associated with the production of language, while the left posterior temporal lobe, where Wernicke's area is located, is crucial for the perception and understanding of language.

Question 5

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke,compared to before his stroke?
A)Understanding a speech
B)Painting a picture
C)Singing a song
D)Riding a horse

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Wernicke's description, the famous individual had damage to their posterior superior temporal gyrus, which is responsible for language comprehension. Therefore, understanding a speech would have been the most difficult compared to before the stroke. The other options (painting a picture, singing a song, riding a horse) are not necessarily dependent on language comprehension.

Question 6

Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain.More specifically,they found
A)a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements.
B)a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations.
C)NO systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements.
D)NO systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations.

Accepted Answer

Fritsch and Hitzig found a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements, suggesting that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex.

Question 7

Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by
A)the structure of their surface convolutions.
B)their structure at the cellular level.
C)the complex functions they perform.
D)the basic functions they perform.

Accepted Answer

Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by their structure at the cellular level. This means that the maps are based on the organization and distribution of neurons and other cells within the cortex. This allows for the identification of distinct regions based on the unique cell patterns they exhibit.

Question 8

The discipline of phrenology was founded by
A)Broca and Wernicke.
B)Fritsch and Hitzig.
C)Cajal and Sherrington.
D)Gall and Spurzheim.

Accepted Answer

The discipline of phrenology was founded by Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim, who believed that various regions of the brain were responsible for specific functions and mental traits, and that these regions could be identified by the shape of the skull. This theory has since been discredited and is no longer accepted as a valid explanation of brain function.

Question 9

Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production?
A)Flourens
B)Wernicke
C)Broca
D)Brodmann

Accepted Answer

Paul Broca, a French physician, suggested in 1861 that the frontal lobe of the brain was involved in producing speech and language. This theory was based on observations of patients with speech and language impairments following damage to specific areas of the brain. The area of the brain now known as Broca's area is named after him.

Question 10

One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that
A)most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions.
B)most early investigators focused on analyzing the shape of the skull.
C)most early investigators focused on studying the brain-behavior relationship in animals rather than in humans.
D)there was little interest in this field until the 20th century.

Accepted Answer

Early researchers were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions, which made it difficult to observe specific brain areas responsible for cognitive function in living subjects.

Question 11

The view known as aggregate field theory,which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior,is most associated with
A)Broca.
B)Hughlings Jackson.
C)Brodmann.
D)Flourens.

Accepted Answer

The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with Flourens.

Question 12

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca,compared to before his stroke?
A)Listening to a piano recital
B)Reading a book aloud
C)Appreciating a painting
D)Playing a game of cards

Accepted Answer

Broca studied the famous individual's inability to speak fluently, indicating that reading a book aloud would have been the most difficult task for him compared to the others listed.

Question 13

Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual's cognitive capacities and personality traits.This approach was based on the assumption that
A)skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them,which are responsible for different specific functions.
B)certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways.
C)life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits,such as aggressiveness.
D)the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them,which are responsible for different specific functions.

Accepted Answer

Phrenologists believed that different brain areas responsible for specific functions cause the corresponding skull protrusions. They thought that by feeling the head and measuring these protrusions, they could determine a person's temperament, personality, and mental abilities. This approach assumes that the development of the brain beneath the skull's surface directly affects the skull's shape.

Question 14

Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery in neuroscience?
A)Edward Thorndike
B)Korbinian Brodmann
C)Camillo Golgi
D)Jan Evangelista Purkinje

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike was a psychologist known for his work in animal learning and behavior, but he was not associated with any major histological discoveries in neuroscience.

B)Korbinian Brodmann, C)Camillo Golgi, and D)Jan Evangelista Purkinje were all neuroanatomists who made significant contributions to the field of neuroscience by discovering and describing important structures in the brain using histological techniques.

Question 15

John Hughlings Jackson proposed a ________organization in the cerebral cortex,based on his work with people with ________.
A)topographic / epilepsy
B)holistic / aphasia
C)topographic / aphasia
D)holistic / epilepsy

Accepted Answer

John Hughlings Jackson proposed a topographic organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with epilepsy.

Question 16

________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior.
A)Broca
B)Hughlings Jackson
C)Flourens
D)Brodmann

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ was one of the first brain...

Question 17

Generally,it has been found that different cortical regions that contain cells with different morphologies
A)cannot be distinguished using tissue stains.
B)emerge during different stages of early embryonic development.
C)lie in opposite cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
D)carry out different functions from one another.

Accepted Answer

Different cortical regions contain cells with different morphologies because they carry out different functions from one another. Tissue stains can be useful in distinguishing between different types of cells, but the underlying functional differences are ultimately what distinguish these regions from each other. Embryonic development and hemisphere location are not necessarily the primary factors that determine differences in cortical regions.

Question 18

Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in ________.
A)phrenological / cytoarchitectonics
B)phrenological / chronometrics
C)tissue staining / cytoarchitectonics
D)tissue staining / chronometrics

Accepted Answer

Korbinian Brodmann used tissue staining techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in their cellular architecture, known as cytoarchitectonics.

Question 19

The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens,based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions,was known as
A)the neuron doctrine.
B)aggregate field theory.
C)rationalism.
D)the law of effect.

Accepted Answer

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens' view that mental processes such as language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions is known as aggregate field theory. The other options are not relevant to this view. The neuron doctrine, on the other hand, proposes that the nervous system is made up of discrete units called neurons. Rationalism is a philosophical approach to understanding knowledge and truth, while the law of effect is a principle in behaviorism that states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated in the future.

Question 20

A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities
A)can be localized to particular parts of the brain.
B)are determined by the shape and size of the human skull.
C)are best studied using introspection or the scientific method.
D)can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.

Accepted Answer

The central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities can be localized to particular parts of the brain. This involves studying brain functions and structures using various techniques such as neuroimaging, lesion studies, and electrical stimulation, to determine which parts of the brain are involved in specific behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. The Golgi silver method of staining, although important for the discovery of neuron anatomy, is not relevant for identifying cognitive abilities in the brain. The shape and size of the human skull are largely irrelevant to the study of cognitive abilities, and introspection is not considered a reliable or scientific method for studying the brain.

Quiz 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child,

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the ________ contributes to language comprehension.

Localizationist is to as holistic is to .

As a first approximation,individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ,whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with .

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke,compared to before his stroke?

Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain.More specifically,they found

Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by

The discipline of phrenology was founded by

Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production?

One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that

The view known as aggregate field theory,which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior,is most associated with

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca,compared to before his stroke?

Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual's cognitive capacities and personality traits.This approach was based on the assumption that

Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery in neuroscience?

John Hughlings Jackson proposed a organization in the cerebral cortex,based on his work with people with .

________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior.

Generally,it has been found that different cortical regions that contain cells with different morphologies

Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in .

The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens,based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions,was known as

A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities