Question 1

According to Clark and Watson, which of the following is associated with a willingness to engage the environment?

Accepted Answer

PE (Positive Emotionality) is associated with a willingness to engage the environment, as it reflects traits related to enthusiasm, engagement, and energy in approaching life's tasks.

Question 2

Your book describes research revealing that sexual orientation in males is predicted the number of siblings one has, regardless of whether they grew up in the same household. What did the study authors conclude?

Accepted Answer

The study authors concluded that factors associated with the prenatal environment may explain sexual orientation, as the number of older biological brothers predicted sexual orientation in males regardless of whether they grew up in the same household. This suggests that some prenatal, biological factor may contribute to a male's sexual orientation.

Question 3

Dopamine is suggested to be most associated with

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dopamine is suggested to be most associated...

Question 4

Kagan found that inhibited children had

Accepted Answer

Kagan found that inhibited children had high cortisol responses, which are associated with anxiety and stress. The other options, such as left hemispheric dominance, high serotonin levels, and high dopamine levels are not characteristics specifically associated with inhibited children.

Question 5

The key element of the temperament construct is individual differences in emotional quality.

Accepted Answer

The temperament construct is based on individual differences in emotional quality, and how these differences lead to variations in behavior and personality.

Question 6

The fact that changes in social hierarchy result in changes in neurotransmitter levels illustrates

Accepted Answer

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences or environments. In this case, changes in social hierarchy are resulting in changes in neurotransmitter levels, demonstrating the brain's plasticity. The other options (phrenology, regression, differentiation) are not applicable or supported by the given information.

Question 7

High scorers on DvC tend

Accepted Answer

Individuals who score high on the Disinhibition versus Constraint (DvC) scale tend to be "night owls," showing a preference for staying up late and engaging in activities during the night.

Question 8

Damasio supports which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Damasio supports both the idea that the brain functions as a system and the idea that it consists of specialized parts. He believes that different regions of the brain work in conjunction with one another to support various cognitive and emotional processes, but that these regions also have distinct roles and functions.

Question 9

According to Kagan, environment plays a role in the unfolding of temperament.

Accepted Answer

Kagan's theory of temperament emphasizes that a child's temperament is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, including parenting styles, cultural norms, and experiences. Kagan suggests that environmental factors can shape a child's innate temperament, but do not completely determine it.

Question 10

Research by Schwartz et al that examined adults' reactions to familiar and unfamiliar faces had found that

Accepted Answer

The research found that temperament qualities evident in childhood persisted into adulthood, indicating that childhood temperament can have long-lasting effects on an individual's behavior and reactions.

Question 11

Which of the following tends to change in relation to winning and losing in sports?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following tends to change...

Question 12

Thomas and Chess suggested a goodness-of-fit between temperament and parental environment.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess proposed that a child's temperament should match the demands and expectations of their parental environment, leading to a better fit and improved outcomes.

Question 13

According to Clark and Watson, affect regulation is most associated with

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Clark and Watson, affect regulation...

Question 14

Research to date suggests

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that although biology can influence personality traits, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the two. Many factors, including environment, upbringing, and cultural influences, also play a role in shaping personality.

Question 15

Neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould discovered that baby rats traumatized by separation from a care-giving adult for several hours a day formed fewer neurons in their brain later in life. Her research suggests

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Gould's research shows that experience, in this case the traumatic experience of separation, can have an effect on brain structures, specifically the formation of neurons. This suggests that environmental factors can contribute to changes in the brain, rather than solely relying on genetics.

Question 16

Imagine you are interested in testing the hypothesis that growing up in the same household might explain why male sexual orientation is correlated with the number of older brothers one has. What two groups of males might you compare on sexual orientation?

Accepted Answer

By comparing males raised with varying numbers of older brothers living in their home with males raised with the same number of brothers who did not live in the same home, we can test the hypothesis that growing up in the same household is a significant factor in the correlation between male sexual orientation and number of older brothers. This comparison would allow us to control for factors such as genetics and shared environment.

Question 17

Hamer describes _________ as the "feel bad" chemical.

Accepted Answer

Hamer describes serotonin as the "feel bad" chemical because low levels of serotonin are associated with depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders.

Question 18

Which of the following has been implicated in DvC?

Accepted Answer

DvC, or domestic violence and control, has been linked to all three neurotransmitters listed in the answer choices. Serotonin imbalances have been associated with impulsive and aggressive behavior, which can contribute to DvC. Dopamine is involved in the reward system of the brain and can contribute to addictive behavior, which can also play a role in DvC. Testosterone has been associated with aggression and dominance, which can also contribute to DvC. Therefore, all three options are correct.

Question 19

According to Kagan, high reactivity is associated with uninhibited temperament.

Accepted Answer

According to Kagan, high reactivity is associated with an inhibited temperament, where children are more likely to react to new situations or stimuli with caution or avoidance.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a superfactor according to Clark and Watson?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Quiz 9: Biological Foundations of Personality