Question 1

The near-universal use of certain facial expressions to communicate specific emotions supports the idea that emotional expression was favored by

Accepted Answer

The fact that certain facial expressions are universally used to convey specific emotions suggests that they were not randomly developed, but rather have been favored by natural selection as a means of effective communication.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the graph below.
 
-What does the graph reveal about facial expressions that indicate disgust?

Accepted Answer

The graph shows that literate groups have more consistency in their facial expressions for disgust compared to nonliterate groups.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the graph below.
 
-Which conclusion is best represented by the graph?

Accepted Answer

The graph shows a high level of agreement among both Western and non-Western literate groups regarding emotional expression, as seen by the similar percentages across all emotions. Options A, B, and C are all contradicted by the graph.

Question 4

Despite the evidence that facial expressions for different emotions are relatively stable across cultures, cultures vary with respect to how and when emotions are expected to be expressed. These conventions are called

Accepted Answer

The conventions that vary across cultures with respect to how and when emotions are expected to be expressed are called cultural display rules. This is the only option that accurately describes these conventions. Facial feature rules and general adaptation rules are not applicable terms in this context. Franco-Prussian rules are not related to cultural conventions of emotion expression.

Question 5

Many people believe that intense emotional experiences allow for the purging of emotions from the system, known as

Accepted Answer

Intense emotional experiences that allow for the purging of emotions from the system are known as catharsis.

Question 6

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following situations is likely to produce the desired effect?

Accepted Answer

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, the physical act of smiling can actually lead to an improvement in mood and reduce sadness. Smiling sends signals to the brain that you are happy, even if you don't feel that way initially, and can lead to a release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin that make you feel better. Spending all day smiling may not completely eliminate feelings of sadness, but it is likely to produce a more positive emotional state than the other options presented.

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios is supported by Bushman's research on aggressive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Bushman's research suggests that aggression can be caused by the activation of aggressive thoughts and feelings, which can also increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior in other contexts. Therefore, the scenario of a woman who has just had an argument with a coworker driving aggressively on her way home is supported by Bushman's research on aggressive behavior.

Question 8

Based on findings by Killingsworth and Gilbert, which situation would be associated with the smallest amount of happiness?

Accepted Answer

Killingsworth and Gilbert found that people were the least happy when they were sitting in a waiting room, as they tended to be focused on the fact that they were waiting and not actively engaged in anything enjoyable.

Question 9

Given the fact that people associate happiness with increased income up to $75,000 a year, what can be concluded about the relationship between income and happiness overall?

Accepted Answer

The fact that people associate happiness with increased income up to $75,000 a year suggests that money is important for happiness up to a certain point, but other factors (such as relationships, purpose, and health) become more important beyond that threshold. Therefore, we cannot conclude that income directly leads to happiness, nor that people making more than $75,000 a year are less happy.

Question 10

Studies have shown that the best predictor of happiness is

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently found that strong social relationships and social support are strongly linked to higher levels of happiness and wellbeing. Money, exercise, and religious affiliation are also factors that can contribute to happiness, but not as strongly as strong social relationships.

Question 11

The amygdala is the brain structure that produces

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for producing fear in the brain. It is an almond-shaped structure located in the temporal lobes and is involved in the processing of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

Question 12

Studies of fear conditioning have provided a map of neural circuitry that
Includes the almond-shaped

Accepted Answer

Fear conditioning studies have consistently shown that the amygdala plays a primary role in processing fear-related stimuli and producing fear responses. The sensory cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus are also involved in fear conditioning, but the amygdala is considered the "hub" of the fear circuitry.

Question 13

In the 1930s, researchers found that after lesioning the amygdala on both sides of the brain in monkeys, the monkeys no longer

Accepted Answer

After lesioning the amygdala, monkeys no longer attacked other monkeys.

Question 14

A "low road" pathway of sensory information that runs directly from the thalamus to the amygdala enables

Accepted Answer

The "low road" pathway runs directly from the thalamus to the amygdala, bypassing conscious processing and enabling immediate reactions to fearful stimuli. This pathway is important for the fight-or-flight response and can result in quick reactions to potential threats.

Question 15

One key advantage of having two pathways for processing incoming fearful stimuli is that the "high road" pathway, which involves activation of the cortex and hippocampus, enables _______ reactions to fearful stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The "high road" pathway for processing fearful stimuli involves the cortex and hippocampus, allowing for slow, conscious reactions. This pathway enables more deliberate processing of the fear stimulus, including understanding its context and determining an appropriate response, as opposed to the "low road" pathway which facilitates immediate, unconscious reactions.

Question 16

In which disorder does a patient have memories of unpleasant events that repeatedly plague him or her, often provoking fear and sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by persistent re-experiencing of a traumatic event through intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares. This can lead to physiological arousal, including increased heart rate, sweating, and panic. Generally, PTSD is caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as military combat, sexual assault, or a natural disaster.

Question 17

Bremner and colleagues found that war veterans who had developed combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder had

Accepted Answer

Bremner and colleagues found that war veterans with combat-related PTSD had smaller right hippocampi than controls.

Question 18

People who have suffered damage to the right temporal cortex as a result of a stroke are described as unduly cheerful and indifferent to their loss. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The described behavior is a known emotional syndrome that results from damage to the right temporal cortex. This emotional syndrome is characterized by excessive cheerfulness and indifference. Options A, C, and D are not applicable to the described phenomenon.

Question 19

By cutting a photograph of a person who is displaying an emotion down the exact middle of the face and creating composite faces out of different combinations of the left and right sides, researchers found that photographs constructed using only the left side of a face appear to look

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the left side of the face expresses emotions more accurately and intensely than the right side. Therefore, photographs constructed using only the left side of a face appear to look more emotional than photographs using only the right side.

Question 20

Which dimension of stress refers to the actual events and stimuli that threaten us?

Accepted Answer

The dimension of stress that refers to the actual events and stimuli that threaten us is called the stressor. The stressor can be anything that is perceived as challenging or threatening, such as work demands, financial difficulties, relationship problems, or even everyday hassles like traffic or household chores.

Quiz 13: Emotions, Stress, and Health