Question 1

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

Accepted Answer

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by a deficiency of ATP.Phosphate is an important component of ATP, which is the major source of energy for many cellular substances.Severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia does not cause excess protein accumulation, damage the kidneys, or cause hypocalcemia.

Question 2

How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?

Accepted Answer

Clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema by allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.The capillary basement membrane does not change its charge with increased vascular permeability.Increased vascular permeability does not move water into the cells.Increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure would not cause edema.

Question 3

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secretion can cause _____ concentration.

Accepted Answer

Excessive ADH stimulates excessive water reabsorption by the kidneys, which dilutes the blood, thus decreasing the serum sodium concentration.Excessive ADH secretion does not cause increased serum sodium or potassium concentrations, or decreased serum potassium concentration.

Question 4

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

Accepted Answer

Factors that increase secretion of ADH into the blood include increased osmolality of the blood, which is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.Release of angiotensin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and aldosterone is not controlled by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Question 5

The fraction of total body water (TBW)volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

Accepted Answer

Approximately two-thirds of TBW is contained inside the cells.Two-thirds, not three-fourths, of TBW is contained inside the cells.Two-thirds, not one-half, of TBW is contained inside the cells.One-third of the TBW is extracellular in adults.

Question 6

Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with

Accepted Answer

Phosphate is an important component of ATP.Hypophosphatemia results in decreased ATP to cells.Hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia do not affect ATP production.

Question 7

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

Accepted Answer

Capillary osmotic pressure is the inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid.Capillary hydrostatic pressure is an outward-pulling.The question pertains to vascular fluid rather than interstitial fluid.Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is an outward-pulling force.

Question 8

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia both cause increased neuromuscular excitability.
Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and hypermagnesemia do not cause increased neuromuscular excitability.

Question 9

Causes of hypomagnesemia include

Accepted Answer

Hypomagnesemia is common with chronic alcoholism.Hyperphosphatemia causes hypocalcemia.Oliguric renal failure and clinical dehydration reduce magnesium excretion.

Question 10

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized)is associated with

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia increases the resting membrane potential.Hyperkalemia results in hypopolarization.Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia do not affect the resting membrane potential.

Question 11

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

Accepted Answer

Extracellular fluid has a higher sodium ion concentration than does intracellular fluid.Intracellular fluid has a higher phosphate, magnesium, and potassium ion concentration than does extracellular fluid.

Question 12

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

Accepted Answer

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop hypercalcemia, because parathyroid hormone causes calcium to come out of the bones and go to the ECF.Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia are not the result of hyperparathyroidism.

Question 13

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

Accepted Answer

One clinical manifestation of dehydration is decreased urine output.Skin turgor and blood pressure decrease in clinical dehydration.Heart rate increases in clinical dehydration.

Question 14

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

Accepted Answer

Antacid overuse for a long time can cause hypophosphatemia by binding phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing its absorption.Magnesium-aluminum antacids do not cause hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, or hyperphosphatemia.

Question 15

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is lost from gastric secretions when nasogastric tubes are irrigated with water.The sodium diffuses into the irrigating water and is then lost when the aspirate is withdrawn.Excessive ADH would lead to hyponatremia by retention of water in the body, thus diluting the sodium.Excess aldosterone would increase serum sodium.Normal saline is an isotonic solution and will not alter the serum sodium.

Question 16

Hypernatremia may be caused by

Accepted Answer

Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion (diabetes insipidus)prevents water reabsorption in the kidneys, which creates large volumes of dilute urine and causes hypernatremia.Aldosterone causes sodium and water retention.Compulsive water drinking that overwhelms the kidneys would dilute the blood, causing hyponatremia.Excessive dietary potassium would not affect the serum sodium concentration.

Question 17

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Infants have a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid.Adolescents, young adults, and older adults have a larger volume of intracellular fluid than extracellular fluid.

Question 18

Which alterations can lead to edema?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic obstruction prevents the drainage of accumulated interstitial fluid and proteins, which can lead to severe edema.Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure would push less fluid into the interstitial space.Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure would remove fluid from the interstitial space.Decreased capillary membrane permeability would allow less fluid movement into the interstitial space.

Question 19

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia result in decreased neuromuscular excitability.Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia result in increased neuromuscular excitability.

Question 20

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

Accepted Answer

Distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by the process of osmosis.Filtration is responsible for the distribution of fluid between the vascular and interstitial compartments.Active transport moves ions across membranes, but does not move water.Diffusion involves movement of particles, not movement of water.

Quiz 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances