Question 1

Naturalism, as a philosophical perspective, is the doctrine that

Accepted Answer

Naturalism holds that everything can be explained by natural causes and laws, and scientific procedures and laws are applicable to all phenomena. This includes the world of physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology. It does not necessarily require atheism or dismiss the importance of origins, but it views the present through a naturalistic lens.

Question 2

Cosmogony refers to

Accepted Answer

Cosmogony specifically refers to the study of the origin or creation of the universe. While the makeup, organization, and size of the universe may also be studied, they fall under different disciplines such as cosmology, astrophysics, and astronomy, respectively.

Question 3

The nebular hypothesis was a bold naturalistic account of the origin of the solar system. Two names
Associated with the nebular hypotheses are

Accepted Answer

Pierre Simon de Laplace and Immanuel Kant were the two primary proponents of the nebular hypothesis. Laplace proposed the idea in his 1796 book "Exposition du système du monde" and Kant independently developed a similar hypothesis in his 1755 work "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens".

Question 4

_______ was one of the first to actually conduct an experiment designed to estimate the age of the earth.

Accepted Answer

Comte de Buffon conducted experiments where he heated iron spheres to estimate the time it would take for the earth to cool from a molten state to its current temperature. He estimated the age of the earth to be approximately 75,000 years old. However, his methods and assumptions were later criticized by scientists such as Georges Cuvier and James Hutton.

Question 5

_______, the author of Principles of Geology, is often regarded as the founder of modern geology.

Accepted Answer

Principles of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell, published from 1830 to 1833, is considered the foundational text of modern geology. Lyell introduced the concept of uniformitarianism, which stated that geological processes that are observable today have also been at work in the past, providing the basis for interpreting geological formations and events.

Question 6

_____ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is
Often contrasted with _____ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and
Dramatic.

Accepted Answer

The first blank describes the concept of uniformitarianism, which posits that changes to the earth are gradual and occur over long periods of time. The second blank contrasts this with the idea of catastrophe theory, which suggests that changes to the earth are sudden and dramatic. Therefore, the best choice is B, which matches uniformitarianism with catastrophe theory.

Question 7

Evolutionary theory developed

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory developed during a time when theological debates about the validity of the Biblical creation theory were ongoing. Theories of evolution were seen as a challenge to the traditional Christian views of creation and caused controversy and debate within the scientific and religious communities. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection specifically challenged the idea of a divine creator and caused a significant shift in the understanding of human origins.

Question 8

______ was the first to propose that evolution is driven by the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ was the first to propose that...

Question 9

_______ was one of the first to argue that there are vanishing forms or extinction of entire species. This was a
Bolder claim than it might appear to be because in that day Biblical creationists claimed that God could not
Make mistakes and therefore there could be no vanishing forms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ was one of the first to...

Question 10

Progressionism, the idea that there is a steady, linear advance across species, was advanced by

Accepted Answer

Lamarck was the main proponent of progressionism, as he proposed that species progressed towards increasing complexity and perfection over time through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. While some other scientists, such as Erasmus Darwin, also believed in some form of progressionism, Lamarck was the most influential in shaping the idea. Neither Buffon nor Charles Darwin fully supported progressionism.

Question 11

________ argued that species are human constructions based partly on our need for convenient classificatory
Schemes. He held that, in nature, plants and animals are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process.

Accepted Answer

Lamarck argued that species are human constructions and are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process in nature. He believed that organisms acquired traits during their lifetimes and passed them on to their offspring, resulting in gradual evolution over time. This view was later replaced by the theory of natural selection proposed by Darwin.

Question 12

In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin speculated that "Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary,
Has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and the productions of the miserable country." The significance of this
Statement is that it shows that

Accepted Answer

Darwin's statement reflects an early acceptance of the concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, a notion that predates his later, more refined understanding of natural selection. This idea, often associated with Lamarck, suggests that traits developed during an organism's life can be passed on to its offspring, a concept Darwin initially entertained before developing his theory of natural selection.

Question 13

After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the
Mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of ________ on the principle of
_______.

Accepted Answer

Darwin's breakthrough came when he read Malthus' work on population growth, which provided a model for how competition for limited resources could lead to the natural selection of certain traits.

Question 14

The first essential technical point in Darwin's original theory is that

Accepted Answer

Darwin's theory of natural selection emphasizes the importance of competition and survival of the fittest. As a result, he observed that all species produce more offspring than can possibly survive, which leads to competition for resources and ultimately the selection of the best-adapted individuals.

Question 15

According to the text, which of the following is NOT characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology does not provide a distinction between psychology and other biological sciences. Instead, it seeks to integrate principles from biology, psychology, and anthropology to understand the origins of human behavior.

Question 16

_____ was an English biologist inspired by Darwin who wrote a number of books in an enthusiastic attempt to found a science of animal behavior based in evolutionary theory.

Accepted Answer

George John Romanes was the English biologist who was strongly influenced by Darwin and wrote several books on animal behavior, aiming to establish it as a scientific discipline grounded in evolutionary theory. The other options, Lloyd Morgan, Herbert Spencer, and Joseph Jastrow were not known for their work in animal behavior or evolutionary theory.

Question 17

"In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be
Interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." This
Extension of Ockham's Razor and principle of parsimony was advanced by _______ as a means of countering
The anthropomorphism of early comparative psychologists.

Accepted Answer

This principle is known as Lloyd Morgan's Canon, named after the psychologist Conwy Lloyd Morgan who developed this extension of Ockham's Razor to counter anthropomorphism in comparative psychology. Charles Darwin, William Thierry Preyer, and Jacques Loeb were influential figures in psychology and biology but did not develop this specific principle.

Question 18

The debate between _____ and _____ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether
Such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement.

Accepted Answer

The words "adequate" and "concise" in the sentence suggest a debate between richness (adequate) and precision (concise) in psychological explanations.

Question 19

Early evolutionary theorists were captivated by the idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This idea
Means that

Accepted Answer

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny means that the developmental stages that an individual goes through in its lifetime reflect the evolutionary history of its species. It does not imply that there is no qualitative difference between animal and human consciousness, that all change is gradual, or that offspring will always resemble the parents.

Question 20

_____ wrote The Mind of the Child, a classic in developmental psychology.

Accepted Answer

Thierry Preyer is known for his work in developmental psychology and wrote "The Mind of the Child," which is considered a classic in the field.

Quiz 9: Naturalism and Humanitarian Reform

Naturalism, as a philosophical perspective, is the doctrine that

Cosmogony refers to

The nebular hypothesis was a bold naturalistic account of the origin of the solar system. Two names Associated with the nebular hypotheses are

_______ was one of the first to actually conduct an experiment designed to estimate the age of the earth.

_______, the author of Principles of Geology, is often regarded as the founder of modern geology.

_ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is Often contrasted with _ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and Dramatic.

Evolutionary theory developed

______ was the first to propose that evolution is driven by the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

_______ was one of the first to argue that there are vanishing forms or extinction of entire species. This was a Bolder claim than it might appear to be because in that day Biblical creationists claimed that God could not Make mistakes and therefore there could be no vanishing forms.

Progressionism, the idea that there is a steady, linear advance across species, was advanced by

________ argued that species are human constructions based partly on our need for convenient classificatory Schemes. He held that, in nature, plants and animals are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process.

In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin speculated that "Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary, Has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and the productions of the miserable country." The significance of this Statement is that it shows that

After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the Mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of __ on the principle of _.

The first essential technical point in Darwin's original theory is that

According to the text, which of the following is NOT characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

_____ was an English biologist inspired by Darwin who wrote a number of books in an enthusiastic attempt to found a science of animal behavior based in evolutionary theory.

The debate between _ and _ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether Such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement.

Early evolutionary theorists were captivated by the idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This idea Means that

_____ wrote The Mind of the Child, a classic in developmental psychology.

Quiz 9: Naturalism and Humanitarian Reform

Naturalism, as a philosophical perspective, is the doctrine that

Cosmogony refers to

The nebular hypothesis was a bold naturalistic account of the origin of the solar system. Two names Associated with the nebular hypotheses are

_______ was one of the first to actually conduct an experiment designed to estimate the age of the earth.

_______, the author of Principles of Geology, is often regarded as the founder of modern geology.

_____ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is Often contrasted with _____ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and Dramatic.

Evolutionary theory developed

______ was the first to propose that evolution is driven by the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

_______ was one of the first to argue that there are vanishing forms or extinction of entire species. This was a Bolder claim than it might appear to be because in that day Biblical creationists claimed that God could not Make mistakes and therefore there could be no vanishing forms.

Progressionism, the idea that there is a steady, linear advance across species, was advanced by

________ argued that species are human constructions based partly on our need for convenient classificatory Schemes. He held that, in nature, plants and animals are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process.

In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin speculated that "Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary, Has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and the productions of the miserable country." The significance of this Statement is that it shows that

After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the Mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of ________ on the principle of _______.

The first essential technical point in Darwin's original theory is that

According to the text, which of the following is NOT characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

_____ was an English biologist inspired by Darwin who wrote a number of books in an enthusiastic attempt to found a science of animal behavior based in evolutionary theory.

The debate between _____ and _____ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether Such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement.

Early evolutionary theorists were captivated by the idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This idea Means that

_____ wrote The Mind of the Child, a classic in developmental psychology.

_ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is Often contrasted with _ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and Dramatic.

After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the Mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of __ on the principle of _.

The debate between _ and _ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether Such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement.