Question 1

We live in a world that is becoming more and more diverse, with fewer homogeneous groups, and we are confronted with the issue of how to provide counseling and educational services to a ______.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that the world is becoming more diverse, thus the counseling and educational services should be designed to cater to a diverse target population. Options B and C are irrelevant as they do not address the issue of diversity. Option D is too vague to determine the nature of the target population.

Question 2

VanTassel-Baska (2013) noted that future educational research addressing diversity should involve comparative studies across ______.

Accepted Answer

VanTassel-Baska (2013) suggests that future educational research on diversity should involve comparative studies both across cultures and countries to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of diversity on education.

Question 3

Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ concerns having a social perspective that individuals take care of themselves.

Accepted Answer

Individualism/collectivism dimension of culture concerns the extent to which individuals in a society take care of themselves versus belonging to a group and taking care of each other. Thus, the answer is A) individualism/collectivism. The power difference dimension concerns the degree of acceptance of unequal distribution of power, uncertainty avoidance dimension concerns the level of tolerance for ambiguity, and masculinity-femininity dimension concerns the degree of emphasis on traditional gender roles.

Question 4

Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ is defined as "the extent to which a society knows the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally."

Accepted Answer

The dimension defined in the question is power distance, which is one of the five dimensions of culture differentiated by Hofstede. Individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity are the other dimensions.

Question 5

Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ refers to "the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid these situations by providing greater career stability."

Accepted Answer

Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid these situations by providing greater career stability, establishing more formal rules, and avoiding unstructured situations. The other dimensions are individualism/collectivism (referring to the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members), power difference (referring to the extent to which power is distributed equally in a society), and masculinity-femininity (referring to the values placed on traditionally masculine or feminine traits).

Question 6

Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ refers to "the extent to which the dominant values in society are masculine-that is assertiveness."

Accepted Answer

The dimension that refers to "the extent to which the dominant values in society are masculine-that is assertiveness" is masculinity-femininity. The other dimensions are individualism/collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance.

Question 7

According to Tayeb (2001), which of the following is identified as an issue confronting researchers studying culture design in a practical approach?

Accepted Answer

Tayeb (2001) identifies all three issues as confronting researchers studying culture design in a practical approach. The first issue is the lack of agreement among researchers about the term culture. The second issue is that researchers tend to restrict their research to a few dimensions of culture, which may not fully capture the complexity of cultural differences. The third issue is a lack of information about the population used in a study, which limits the generalizability of findings.

Question 8

Cha et al. (2007) proposed that independent translators should be used in making the translations from one language to another, meaning ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Cha et al. (2007), it is recommended that independent translators should be used in making translations from one language to another, indicating that researchers who are conducting the research should not be the ones completing the translations.

Question 9

Chiao (2007) proposed the discipline and stated that cultural neuroscience is influenced by ______.

Accepted Answer

Chiao (2007) proposed that cultural neuroscience is influenced by anthropology, social psychology/neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience. Therefore, the best choice is D, all of these.

Question 10

The evolution of cultural neuroscience is in part a consequence of advances in ______.

Accepted Answer

The evolution of cultural neuroscience is a consequence of advances in both technology and methods to understand brain processes. Advances in technology have allowed for better visualization and measurement of brain activity, while improved methods to understand brain processes have allowed researchers to better understand the influence of culture on the brain.

Question 11

The development of methods to understand brain processes includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

All of these methods are used to understand brain processes. fMRI and PET are neuroimaging techniques that show which brain areas are active during a particular task or at rest. EEG records electrical activity from the brain and can provide information about cognitive processes such as attention and perception. LORETA is a type of EEG analysis that allows for more accurate localization of neural activity.

Question 12

Before advances in brain technology, the primary methods for studying culture were through ______.

Accepted Answer

Survey methods and behavioral methods were the primary methods for studying culture before advances in brain technology.

Question 13

A primary goal of cultural neuroscience is to promote research into brain functioning and interaction within ______.

Accepted Answer

Cultural neuroscience aims to explore how cultural contexts influence brain functioning and behavioral patterns. Therefore, promoting research into brain and culture interaction within cultural contexts is a central goal. Research on groups, race, and research teams may be specific topics within cultural neuroscience but are not the primary goal.

Question 14

Zhu, Zhang, Fan, and Han (2007) completed a study focused on ______.

Accepted Answer

The study by Zhu, Zhang, Fan, and Han (2007) was focused on the cultural influence of neural processes on self-representation.

Question 15

Culture plays a(n) ______ role in U.S. society today primarily because of the changing demographics although birth rates do contribute to our changing demographics.

Accepted Answer

Culture plays an important role in U.S. society today primarily because of the changing demographics, which includes increasing diversity in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, and cultural background. This has significant implications for social, political, and economic issues, as well as everyday life experiences. While birth rates do contribute to these changes, they are just one factor among many. Therefore, culture's role is central and essential in understanding and addressing these changes.

Question 16

We live in a world that is becoming more and more diverse, with fewer homogeneous groups, and we are confronted with the issue of how to provide counseling and educational services to a diverse target population.

Accepted Answer

As the world becomes more diverse, there is a need to provide counseling and educational services to a diverse target population.

Question 17

Hofstede further differentiated culture into five dimensions: individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, and long-term versus short-term orientation.

Accepted Answer

This is correct, Hofstede identified these five dimensions as important aspects of culture.

Question 18

The dimension of long-term and short-term orientation (fifth dimension) is defined in terms of being future oriented (short-term) or present or past oriented (long-term).

Accepted Answer

The dimension of long-term and short-term orientation, as defined by Hofstede, actually describes societies with a long-term orientation as being more future-oriented, valuing perseverance and thrift, while societies with a short-term orientation are more focused on the present or past and value traditions and social hierarchies.

Question 19

The issues surrounding research from a cross-cultural and diversity perspective are based on concerns such as who should conduct cross-cultural research and how research results can be ethically applied to a diverse population (population research).

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the concerns surrounding cross-cultural and diversity research.

Question 20

Blind back translation involves a translation from the second language back to the source language by a translator involved in the initial translation from the source to the second language.

Accepted Answer

Blind back translation involves a translation from the second language back to the source language by a translator who was not involved in the initial translation from the source to the second language, ensuring an unbiased process.

Quiz 17: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues