Question 1

Looking at the findings of many cross-fostering studies (Francis et al.,1999,Suomi,1999,Tienari et al.,1994)it appears that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life may

Accepted Answer

The findings of cross-fostering studies suggest that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life can override the genetically influenced tendency to develop psychopathology in later life.

Question 2

John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize.As a result,he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone.If John were to develop depression,the model that would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of John has inherited a personality trait that...

Question 3

The chemicals that allow transmission of signals between neurons are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The chemicals that allow transmission of signals between neurons are called neurotransmitters.

Question 4

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the ________.

Accepted Answer

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called the synaptic cleft. This is the gap through which neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of one neuron and received by the dendrite of another neuron.

Question 5

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs.environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

Accepted Answer

Recent research studies suggest that genetic influences may have been overstated by previous studies. It is now thought that without sufficient environmental stress, the genetic predisposition may never be activated. This means that environmental factors play a key role in the manifestation of psychological disorders, and that genetic influences should not be considered in isolation.

Question 6

GABA,dopamine,and norepinephrine are all examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another. Electrical brain waves (A) are patterns of electrical activity that can be detected through EEG. Neurons (B) are the individual cells that make up the nervous system. Areas of the brain (D) refer to specific regions or structures within the brain that are responsible for different functions.

Question 7

Neurotransmitters are important because they

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other by sending and receiving signals. This communication is important for various functions such as movement, thinking, and emotions. Without neurotransmitters, the brain cannot process or transmit information effectively.

Question 8

Research studies using the procedure called "cross fostering" have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be

Accepted Answer

Cross fostering studies have shown that young animals raised by calm mothers tend to adopt the behavior of their mother and become more calm themselves, regardless of their genetic predisposition towards being emotional and reactive. Therefore, the offspring would be calm.

Question 9

The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the _________________.

Accepted Answer

The reciprocal gene-environment model suggests that an individual's genetic makeup may increase the likelihood of experiencing certain stressful life events, indicating a two-way interaction between genes and environment.

Question 10

Most automatic functions,

Accepted Answer

The brain stem is responsible for controlling automatic functions such as breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination. The forebrain, cortex, and frontal lobes are involved in more complex functions such as thinking, decision making, and voluntary movements.

Question 11

Recent research suggests that

Accepted Answer

Recent research supports the idea that both environmental manipulations early in life and the interaction between genes and environment are crucial in the development of psychological disorders, including both behavioral and emotional aspects. This comprehensive view acknowledges the complexity of psychological disorders, emphasizing that both genetic predispositions and environmental factors contribute to their development.

Question 12

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that the development of psychopathology is influenced by both an inherited predisposition (the diathesis) and the stressful events (the stress) that have occurred in the individual's life. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Option B suggests that the development of psychopathology is solely based on genetics, which is incorrect. Option C refers to a broader perspective that includes biological and behavioral factors but does not explicitly address inherited predispositions. Option D is based on Freud's theory of unconscious conflicts influencing behavior and does not specifically address the interaction between genetic factors and life events.

Question 13

The synaptic cleft is the area between the

Accepted Answer

The synaptic cleft is the small gap or space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. This is where neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron to transmit the signal between the two neurons.

Question 14

The central nervous system is made up of the _______________.

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system includes both the brain and the spinal cord, which are responsible for receiving, processing, and sending neural signals throughout the body. Nerves leading to and from the brain, while important, are considered part of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 15

In a landmark study by Caspi et.al.(2003),researchers studied the stressful life events and
Genetics of 847 individuals.For individuals who had at least four stressful life events,the risk of
Major depression

Accepted Answer

The study showed that individuals who possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied had a doubled risk of major depression if they had at least four stressful life events. This suggests that while genetics may play a role, the number of stressful life events is also a significant factor in the risk of developing major depression.

Question 16

The brain and the spinal cord comprise the

Accepted Answer

The brain and the spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system (A) consists of all other nervous tissues outside of the CNS, while the somatic nervous system (B) and parasympathetic nervous system (C) are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 17

Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting

Accepted Answer

Cross-fostering studies have shown that environmental effects of early parenting seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. This means that the way a child is raised can have a greater impact on their ability to handle stress than their genetic predisposition.

Question 18

Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships.These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression.This is an example of the ________.

Accepted Answer

The reciprocal gene-environment model suggests that individuals with a certain genetic makeup may be more likely to seek out situations or environments that, in turn, increase their risk of developing certain conditions or behaviors, such as depression in the context of difficult relationships. This model emphasizes the interaction between genes and environment, where genetic predispositions can lead to the selection of environments that then influence outcomes.

Question 19

Recent studies such as Caspi (2003)and Hariri (2002)demonstrate that psychopathology and behavior in general are the result of

Accepted Answer

Both studies suggest that psychopathology and behavior are the result of interactions between our genetics and environment. Caspi (2003) found that a certain genetic mutation only increased risk for depression in individuals who experienced stressful life events, while Hariri (2002) found that a variant of the serotonin transporter gene was associated with increased risk for depression but only in individuals who experienced stressful life events. This supports the idea that genetics and environment interact to influence psychopathology and behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Glial cells are not passive, they actively contribute to brain function by providing support to neurons and regulating synaptic activity. It is estimated that there are about the same number of glial cells as there are neurons in the brain. There are different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, each with specific functions such as regulating the extracellular environment, myelinating axons, and responding to injury or infection.

Quiz 2: N Integrative Approach To Psychopathology

Looking at the findings of many cross-fostering studies (Francis et al.,1999,Suomi,1999,Tienari et al.,1994) it appears that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life may