Question 1

In general, drugs of abuse _______ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.

Accepted Answer

Drugs of abuse decrease the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation, meaning that less stimulation is required to produce feelings of pleasure or reward. This can lead to a cycle of addiction, as the user seeks out increasing amounts of the drug to experience pleasure.

Question 2

The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with drugs of abuse is generally interpreted to indicate a(n)

Accepted Answer

The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain indicates a decrease in sensitivity of the reward circuit, which is a common consequence of chronic drug abuse. This shift in reward circuitry may contribute to the development of tolerance to drug effects and the need for higher doses to achieve the same effects, as well as potentially increasing the risk of relapse.

Question 3

Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _______ can cause relapse via _______.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves associating an environmental stimulus (such as a specific location or people) with drug use. Over time, this association can become so strong that when the individual is exposed to the environmental stimulus (without the drug), it can trigger conditioned withdrawal and cravings, ultimately leading to a relapse.

Question 4

In the case of heroin, negative reinforcement experiments show that when animals are in a(n) _______ state, they have a stronger urge to find and take a drug than they do in the _______ state.

Accepted Answer

The statement in the question refers to negative reinforcement experiments, which means that the animals are experiencing withdrawal symptoms. The question states that in a withdrawal state, the animals have a stronger urge to find and take the drug. Therefore, the correct answer is C - withdrawal; non-abstinent.

Question 5

The drug discrimination paradigm can be used to determine all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The drug discrimination paradigm is used to assess the ability of an animal to discriminate between drugs and vehicles, the generalization of drug effects to other drugs, and the determination of dose equivalence between different drugs. However, it does not assess how hard an animal is willing to work for a drug.

Question 6

Which statement about addiction and genetics is true?

Accepted Answer

The overall heritability of substance use disorders ranges from 40% to 60%. While genetics can play a role in the development of addiction, it is not a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship. It is also influenced by environmental factors, such as upbringing and social circles. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are not entirely accurate.

Question 7

Robert is trying to stop drinking alcohol, but his anxiety levels increase dramatically when he stops. If he increases his alcohol consumption to cope with this anxiety, his behavior could most readily be explained by the

Accepted Answer

Robert's behavior of using alcohol to cope with his anxiety is consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, which suggests that individuals may use substances to cope with underlying mental health issues such as anxiety or depression.

Question 8

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _______, and those suffering from depression should prefer _______.

Accepted Answer

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer alcohol, which has anxiolytic effects, and those suffering from depression should prefer cocaine, which has stimulant and mood-elevating effects.

Question 9

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _______ model.

Accepted Answer

Drug addiction is a complex phenomenon that involves biological, psychological, and social factors, which interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate addictive behavior. Therefore, a biopsychosocial model is the most comprehensive approach to understanding and treating drug addiction. The disease model, which views addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disease, has limitations in capturing the complexity and variability of addiction. The medical model, which focuses on pharmacological interventions, also neglects the role of psychosocial factors in addiction. The moral model, which regards addiction as a personal failing or sin, is stigmatizing and counterproductive in promoting recovery.

Question 10

Which statement about natural recovery from drugs is true?

Accepted Answer

Several studies have shown that a significant number of individuals with drug or alcohol problems achieve natural recovery without any formal treatment or intervention. While the removal of tempting substances from their lives certainly helps, it is not necessary for natural recovery. Relapse rates vary and are not necessarily related to whether recovery was achieved through outside help or on one's own.

Question 11

Which drug of abuse would you most expect to see multiple members of one genetically-related family be susceptible to?

Accepted Answer

Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the susceptibility to cocaine addiction, making it more likely for multiple members of a genetically-related family to be affected.

Question 12

Which person would you expect to have the quickest escalation of drug use and be most susceptible to situational cues contributing to relapse?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that women may be more susceptible to situational cues for drug relapse compared to men, possibly due to differences in brain function related to memory and emotion regulation. Additionally, women may escalate their drug use more quickly compared to men. Age is not a determining factor in this situation.

Question 13

In the three-stage model of the addiction cycle, the factor that perpetuates the cycle is the _______ stage.

Accepted Answer

The three-stage model of the addiction cycle includes the anticipation stage, the binge stage, and the withdrawal stage. In this model, the withdrawal stage perpetuates the cycle because individuals experiencing withdrawal symptoms may crave the substance and engage in behaviors to obtain it, leading them back into the anticipation stage and restarting the cycle.

Question 14

The distressing emotional state experienced during withdrawal, including feelings of dejection and poor mood, is called _______, which _______ over escalating drug use.

Accepted Answer

Hyperkatifeia is the term used to describe the distressing emotional state experienced during withdrawal, which includes feelings of dejection and poor mood. This state tends to increase over escalating drug use, making it harder for individuals to quit.

Question 15

The proposed circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures, but does not include the

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is not typically involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and balance.

Question 16

The extended amygdala system involved in the drug reward includes all of the following except for the

Accepted Answer

The extended amygdala system involved in the drug reward includes the shell of the nucleus accumbens, central nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not the ventral tegmental area. The VTA is part of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, which is involved in the reward system but not part of the extended amygdala system.

Question 17

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of _______ but not in the case of _______.

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of cocaine but not in the case of heroin. Heroin's rewarding effects are more complex and involve other brain regions such as the amygdala and the extended amygdala.

Question 18

The incentive sensitization theory distinguishes between drug _______ and drug _______.

Accepted Answer

The incentive sensitization theory proposes that addiction involves two separate processes: liking and wanting. Liking is the pleasure or euphoria experienced when taking a drug, while wanting is the craving or desire to seek out and use the drug again. Over time, wanting can become hypersensitive, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior even if the individual no longer enjoys the drug's effects. Therefore, the best choice is B, liking and wanting.

Question 19

Which of the following does not fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and Le Moal?

Accepted Answer

Koob and Le Moal's model of addiction-related neuroadaptations emphasizes changes in the dopamine and opioid systems for the rewarding aspects of drugs and the role of stress-related systems, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the amygdala, in dependence and withdrawal. Increased norepinephrine and CRF are associated with the stress response during dependence, not recreational use, making option C incorrect in the context of their model.

Question 20

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _______ from the _______ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models.

Accepted Answer

Glutamate from the prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models.

Quiz 9: Drug Abuse and Addiction

In general, drugs of abuse _______ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.

The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with drugs of abuse is generally interpreted to indicate a(n)

Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _ can cause relapse via _.

In the case of heroin, negative reinforcement experiments show that when animals are in a(n) _ state, they have a stronger urge to find and take a drug than they do in the _ state.

The drug discrimination paradigm can be used to determine all of the following except

Which statement about addiction and genetics is true?

Robert is trying to stop drinking alcohol, but his anxiety levels increase dramatically when he stops. If he increases his alcohol consumption to cope with this anxiety, his behavior could most readily be explained by the

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _, and those suffering from depression should prefer _.

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _______ model.

Which statement about natural recovery from drugs is true?

Which drug of abuse would you most expect to see multiple members of one genetically-related family be susceptible to?

Which person would you expect to have the quickest escalation of drug use and be most susceptible to situational cues contributing to relapse?

In the three-stage model of the addiction cycle, the factor that perpetuates the cycle is the _______ stage.

The distressing emotional state experienced during withdrawal, including feelings of dejection and poor mood, is called _, which _ over escalating drug use.

The proposed circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures, but does not include the

The extended amygdala system involved in the drug reward includes all of the following except for the

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of _ but not in the case of _.

The incentive sensitization theory distinguishes between drug _ and drug _.

Which of the following does not fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and Le Moal?

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _ from the _ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models.