Question 1

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective,the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because
A)people fear that others will punish them.
B)experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function.
C)each of us is reminded of a traumatic experience in childhood.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function. It helps individuals avoid social exclusion in the future and thus increases their chances of survival. The other options are not consistent with this perspective.

Question 2

According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text,how many general temperaments are there?
A)Three
B)Four
C)Eight
D)Sixteen

Accepted Answer

According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text, there are three general temperaments: the easy or flexible temperament, the difficult or feisty temperament, and the slow-to-warm-up or cautious temperament.

Question 3

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one?
A)Humans need to belong to groups.
B)We all have a need to dominate others.
C)Anxiety is found in nearly every culture of the world.
D)Anxiety assists the survival needs of the species.

Accepted Answer

The argument that "we all have a need to dominate others" is not a widely accepted theory for the evolution of anxiety. The other three arguments, however, are commonly cited by theorists as possible explanations for why anxiety may have evolved in humans.

Question 4

According to temperament researchers,which statement is correct about inhibited children?
A)They will grow up to be shy adults.
B)They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty.
C)At least half of all American children can be identified as "inhibited."
D)They cannot be identified until about the age of five.

Accepted Answer

Inhibited children are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty. This is a core trait of their temperament that persists into adulthood.

Question 5

Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found
A)temperament is not related to academic performance.
B)children with an "easy" temperament don't do as well in school as other children.
C)students do better when their temperament is similar to that of the teacher.
D)temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.

Accepted Answer

The statement "temperament plays a role in how well children do in school" is supported by research on the academic performance of elementary school children. While there may be variations in the specific findings of different studies, overall there is evidence that temperament does have an impact on academic performance.

Question 6

A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle.He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations.Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as
A)shy.
B)inhibited.
C)introverted.
D)low in sociability.

Accepted Answer

The descriptors "controlled" and "gentle" suggest that this child has a generally calm and subdued demeanor, which is consistent with the temperament trait of inhibition. Additionally, the fact that he is hesitant to interact with new children and situations also suggests a high level of inhibition. Thus, choice B ("inhibited") is the best fit for this child. The other options (shy, introverted, low in sociability) could also be possible descriptors, but they are not as comprehensive as "inhibited" in capturing the overall temperament pattern being described.

Question 7

People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in
A)connectivity.
B)emotional affectivity.
C)neuroticism.
D)emotionality

Accepted Answer

The answer of People who are easily upset or have...

Question 8

Research has shown that temperamental differences can affect how a child performs in school. Which of the following is not a difference in the research?
A)Approach or withdrawal
B)Distractibility
C)Adaptability
D)Attention to details

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed are known to impact a child's academic performance except for attention to details. Temperamental differences in approach or withdrawal, distractibility, and adaptability have all been linked to academic success or struggles.

Question 9

The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people,settings,or challenges is called
A)moral anxiety.
B)castration anxiety.
C)anxiety to novelty.
D)neurotic phobia.

Accepted Answer

The form of anxiety described in this question is anxiety to novelty, which is often seen in inhibited children who are hesitant to engage with unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges. Moral anxiety is a term used in Freudian theory to describe anxiety related to a fear of violating moral or ethical standards, and is not applicable in this context. Castration anxiety is a concept also from Freudian theory that refers to anxiety experienced by young boys who fear losing their genitals, and is not relevant to this question. Neurotic phobia is a more general term that could describe various types of phobias, but does not specifically capture the anxiety shown by inhibited children around new experiences.

Question 10

Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience.Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison's problem an example of anxiety caused by
A)conditioning.
B)an inherited temperament.
C)a fear of social exclusion.
D)a fear of novel situations.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary personality theory suggests that certain fears, such as the fear of social exclusion, have evolved because they had survival benefits for our ancestors. Being accepted by the group was crucial for survival, so anxiety in social situations like public speaking could be an evolutionary mechanism to ensure we act in ways that maintain social bonds.

Question 11

According to the "goodness of fit" model,educators should ask which question?
A)What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance?
B)How can we change temperament in problem children?
C)How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments?
D)What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?

Accepted Answer

The "goodness of fit" model emphasizes the importance of matching a student's temperament with an appropriate learning environment. Therefore, educators should ask what kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament. Option A is focused solely on identifying characteristics without considering how they can be supported or developed. Option B assumes that temperament can be changed, which is not the case. Option C assumes a deficit perspective that presupposes that "problem" behaviors can only be controlled, rather than fostering positive behavior supports.

Question 12

Donna is a very shy seven-year-old.Research suggests that when she was only a few years old,Donna was probably anxious about
A)meeting people.
B)being separated from her mother.
C)loud noises.
D)novel situations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Donna is a very shy seven-year-old.Research suggests...

Question 13

Research suggests that inhibited children are especially anxious about
A)people.
B)loud noise.
C)novelty.
D)strangers.

Accepted Answer

Inhibited children are known to have a high level of anxiety towards novelty or new situations. They tend to be shy and timid and may experience difficulties in social situations.

Question 14

According to evolutionary personality theory,anxiety is
A)the result of natural selection.
B)a positive emotion.
C)no longer useful to human beings.
D)learned.

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is the result of natural selection. It served as a survival mechanism that allowed our ancestors to detect and avoid potential dangers in their environment. Therefore, anxiety has evolved as a trait that can be adaptive in certain situations, rather than being simply a negative emotion or a learned behavior.

Question 15

Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children.This research can be used to argue that
A)a child's personality resembles a "blank slate."
B)all children are born shy, but many learn to overcome it.
C)temperament is at least partly inherited.
D)there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.

Accepted Answer

The identification of an "inhibited" style in very young children suggests that temperament, at least in part, is inherited. This indicates that a child's personality is not a blank slate and is influenced by genetic factors. The research does not necessarily support the idea that all children are born shy or that there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.

Question 16

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament.This approach is based on which model?
A)Eysenck's model of personality
B)The five-factor model
C)The "goodness of fit" model
D)Evolutionary personality model

Accepted Answer

The "goodness of fit" model suggests that individuals have unique temperaments that require different learning strategies to optimize their learning potential. This includes taking into account their strengths, weaknesses, and learning preferences.

Question 17

Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations at 21 months and again at four years of age. When the children were brought back to the laboratory at five and a half years,the researchers found
A)that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing a ball-tossing game.
B)that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing on a mattress in a falling game.
C)that children who were inhibited at 21 months and four years again clung to their mother or father as before.
D)that children who were uninhibited at 21 months and four years began to cling to their mother or father at five and a half years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations...

Question 18

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school.Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one.Which one?
A)Temperament is related to intelligence.
B)Teachers may be more willing to work with students of certain temperament.
C)Some temperaments are more compatible with the requirements of the typical classroom than others.
D)Teachers sometimes misinterpret temperamental differences in their students.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Temperament is related to intelligence" is not supported by research and is not a valid explanation for the relationship between temperament and academic performance. The other three options are all valid explanations that have been confirmed by research.

Question 19

According to evolutionary personality theory,psychological mechanisms
A)evolved because they were needed for survival.
B)helped the species survive and reproduce.
C)are identical in all people.
D)were once useful, but no longer are.

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms (such as emotions, thoughts, and behaviors) are adaptations that helped the species survive and reproduce. These mechanisms provided advantages that allowed individuals with these traits to be more successful in passing on their genes to future generations. Therefore, they are believed to be heritable and present in different degrees in different individuals.

Question 20

Many generations ago,our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves.This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain
A)fear of strangers.
B)marriage.
C)nationalism.
D)anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many generations ago,our ancestors were more likely...

Quiz 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective,the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because

According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text,how many general temperaments are there?

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one?

According to temperament researchers,which statement is correct about inhibited children?

Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found

A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle.He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations.Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as

People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in

Research has shown that temperamental differences can affect how a child performs in school. Which of the following is not a difference in the research?

The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people,settings,or challenges is called

Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience.Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison's problem an example of anxiety caused by

According to the "goodness of fit" model,educators should ask which question?

Donna is a very shy seven-year-old.Research suggests that when she was only a few years old,Donna was probably anxious about

Research suggests that inhibited children are especially anxious about

According to evolutionary personality theory,anxiety is

Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children.This research can be used to argue that

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament.This approach is based on which model?

Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations at 21 months and again at four years of age. When the children were brought back to the laboratory at five and a half years,the researchers found

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school.Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one.Which one?

According to evolutionary personality theory,psychological mechanisms

Many generations ago,our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves.This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain