Question 1

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized natural selection as the mechanism for the evolution of species, and survival of the fittest as the outcome of this process.

Question 2

The most recent revision of Albert Bandura's theory places such strong emphasis on how children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a(n) __________ rather than a(n) __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory is now known as social-cognitive theory because it focuses on the ways that children's cognitive processes and their environment interact to shape their behavior, rather than solely focusing on observational learning. Choice A is incorrect because observational learning is a key component of Bandura's theory, but it is not the only aspect. Choice C and D are incorrect because while Bandura's theory emphasizes social learning, it also emphasizes cognitive processes and therefore should be referred to as social-cognitive rather than solely social learning.

Question 3

__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement.

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall is widely recognized as the founder of the child-study movement in the United States. He was a psychologist who emphasized the importance of studying children and adolescents from a scientific perspective. Hall believed that by understanding child development, society could provide better educational and social opportunities for young people. He founded the Child Study Association of America in 1888, which was one of the earliest organizations focused on the scientific study of children.

Question 4

Consistent with Locke's tabula rasa, John Watson concluded that __________ is the supreme force in development.

Accepted Answer

John Watson believed that the environment, specifically early experiences, was the dominant force in shaping human behavior and development. This is consistent with Locke's theory of tabula rasa, which posits that individuals are born as blank slates and their experiences shape their views and behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer is C, environment.

Question 5

Unlike Freud, Erikson

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike Freud, Erikson
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Question 6

Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of the study of child development. Which of the following perspectives of child development does Dr. Faulkner probably follow?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Faulkner's focus on directly observable events like stimuli and responses aligns with the principles of behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. Psychosexual theory (A) focuses on the psychosexual stages of development and the resolution of conflict at each stage, while psychosocial theory (B) emphasizes the influence of social interactions throughout development. Cognitive-developmental theory (D) emphasizes cognitive processing, including thinking and problem-solving, as the primary drivers of development.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Accepted Answer

Freud developed his psychosexual theory through his practice of psychotherapy, where emotionally troubled adults would talk freely about painful events of their childhoods. He used these observations to develop his theory of psychosexual development, which emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences on personality development.

Question 8

Freud's theory was the first to stress the influence of __________ on development.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory, specifically his psychoanalytic theory, emphasizes the importance of the early parent-child relationship, particularly the relationship with the mother, on the development of personality and behavior. He believed that conflicts and experiences during the stages of development in infancy and childhood could have lasting effects on individuals' psychological functioning.

Question 9

Social learning theory

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.

Question 10

Arnold Gesell

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell was a pioneer in making knowledge about child development accessible to parents. He emphasized the importance of understanding children's developmental stages and catering to their individual needs.

Question 11

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic perspective, specifically Freud's theory of psychosexual development, posits that children go through stages where they must navigate conflicts between their basic biological impulses (such as sexuality) and society's expectations for appropriate behavior.

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov's experiment is a classic example of classical conditioning, which involves pairing an initially neutral stimulus (the bell) with a biologically significant stimulus (food) to elicit a response (salivation) that was previously only elicited by the biologically significant stimulus.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of applied behavior analysis?

Accepted Answer

Applied behavior analysis is a therapeutic technique in which rewards or positive reinforcement are given for desirable behavior. Letting children with burn injuries play a virtual reality game while nurses change their bandages is an example of applied behavior analysis because it is using a reward (the game) to help the children tolerate a painful procedure.

Answer: B
 Modeling quiet reading for children can be a component of applied behavior analysis, as it is teaching a desirable behavior through demonstration and positive reinforcement.

Answer: C
 Talking with children to uncover the underlying cause of thumb sucking may be a part of a larger therapy plan, but it is not an example of applied behavior analysis because it does not involve teaching a specific behavior with rewards or reinforcement.

Answer: D
 Punishment, such as hitting a child, is not a component of applied behavior analysis, which focuses on positive reinforcement of desirable behavior. The child hitting a playmate in the same way after being punished is an example of negative reinforcement, in which an individual learns to behave in a certain way to avoid punishment.

Question 14

On a few occasions, Jack's mother gave him candy to keep him quiet when she took him to the doctor's office. Now every time Jack goes to the doctor's office, he asks his mother for candy. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning, where Jack has learned to associate going to the doctor's office with receiving candy, reinforcing his behavior of asking for candy.

Question 15

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Accepted Answer

According to the social learning theory, individuals learn behavior through observation and imitation of others. In this scenario, Paul has witnessed his parents hitting him as a form of punishment, which he may have imitated in his behavior towards the playmate. This aligns with observational learning, making D the correct answer. Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a particular response. Operant conditioning focuses on how behavior is shaped by its consequences. Behavior modification refers to the use of positive or negative reinforcement to change behavior. None of these theories are directly related to Paul's behavior as described in the scenario.

Question 16

Inspired by Charles Darwin's work, G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

Accepted Answer

Hall and Gesell were influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory, which led them to devise developmental theories that incorporated evolutionary ideas, emphasizing the adaptive nature of development and behavior.

Question 17

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because

Accepted Answer

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. This lack of empirical evidence makes it difficult for psychoanalytic theories to be validated or rejected.

Answer: D 
 Another reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because it failed to consider the early parent-child relationship, which is central to modern theories. Modern research indicates that early relationships and experiences greatly impact child development, and many contemporary theories focus heavily on the role of caregivers in shaping children's development.

Question 18

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was developed as a way to

Accepted Answer

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was developed to identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes. The test was not intended to predict school achievement or vocational success, document developmental improvements or measure individual differences in development as a function of race, gender, and birth order.

Question 19

According to B. F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of

Accepted Answer

According to B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, behavior can be strengthened or increased through the use of positive reinforcement, or reinforcers. These reinforcers can be anything from food or praise to money or social approval. The key is that the behavior is followed by a rewarding consequence, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Punishments and negative stimuli are not effective in increasing behavior frequency, as they focus on decreasing or punishing unwanted behaviors rather than promoting desired ones. Stimulus-response associations are a general concept in learning theory, but do not necessarily lead to behavior increase.

Question 20

Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw children as

Accepted Answer

Rousseau viewed children as active and engaged learners who are capable of determining their own destinies, emphasizing the importance of their natural curiosity and innate potential for growth.

Quiz 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized and .

The most recent revision of Albert Bandura's theory places such strong emphasis on how children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a(n) rather than a(n) approach.