Question 1

Which types of resources are the human-made and natural features associated with human activity?

Accepted Answer

Cultural resources refer to the human-made and natural features associated with human activity, such as architectural landmarks, cultural landscapes, and traditional knowledge. Social resources refer to the social networks and relationships that exist within a community, while physical resources refer to the natural resources and landforms that exist within a region. Biological resources refer to the living organisms found in an ecosystem.

Question 2

Efforts to protect American antiquities go back to as long ago as which congressional act, which was aimed at controlling a lucrative trade in painted pots from Southwestern pueblos?

Accepted Answer

The Antiquities Act of 1906 was the first major federal legislation aimed at protecting antiquities and historical sites in the United States. Its primary objective was to prevent the looting and destruction of archaeological sites on federal lands, such as Native American cliff dwellings and ruins of ancient civilizations. The act empowered the president to create national monuments by executive order, without having to seek congressional approval. The painted pots trade was one of the issues that prompted the act, as collectors and dealers were raiding Native American graves and sites to obtain artifacts to sell.

Question 3

The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution forbids the government from seizing private property for public use without just compensation. What privately funded organization was formed in the early 1980s to purchase threatened archaeological sites on private land, with the effect of simultaneously protecting constitutional rights and archaeological sites?

Accepted Answer

The Archaeological Conservancy was formed in the early 1980s to purchase threatened archaeological sites on private land, in order to protect both constitutional rights and archaeological sites.

Question 4

The process of identifying, assessing, and managing archaeological resources is made up of three phases that reflect increasing levels of archaeological fieldwork and research. These phases include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Surface survey and limited subsurface testing is part of the identification and preliminary assessment phase, not a separate phase in the process of managing archaeological resources.

Question 5

Which congressional act authorized archaeologists to dig and salvage sites that were in danger of destruction as a result of federally owned and funded dam projects.?

Accepted Answer

The Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 authorized archaeologists to excavate and salvage archaeological sites that were in danger of destruction as a result of federally owned and funded dam projects. The Graves Act of 1932 created the first federal agency to deal with historic preservation, but it did not address salvage archaeology. The Antiquities Act of 1906 allowed the president to designate national monuments to protect natural and cultural resources, but it did not specifically address salvage archaeology. The Historical Preservation Act of 1966 established a national program for historic preservation, but it did not include provisions for salvage archaeology.

Question 6

Which action may include changing the design of a building so that it avoids archaeological resources or involve the total excavation of sites, or portions of sites, that cannot be preserved, with the aim of recovering as much information as possible?

Accepted Answer

Mitigation is the action that includes changing the design of a building to avoid archaeological resources or involving the excavation of sites that cannot be preserved, with the aim of recovering as much information as possible. Preservation is about protecting and maintaining the historical and cultural significance of a site, while restoration is about restoring a site or building to its original condition. Historical preservation is similar to preservation but specifically pertains to the protection of historical buildings and structures.

Question 7

The very nature of which type of work means a heavy emphasis on survey and limited excavation, or basically descriptive investigations that are aimed at satisfying compliance requirements?

Accepted Answer

CRM (Cultural Resource Management) involves conducting surveys and limited excavations that are aimed at satisfying compliance requirements. This type of work typically does not involve extensive or in-depth excavation, but rather focuses on documenting and assessing cultural resources to determine if they are eligible for protection under federal or state laws.

Question 8

The only viable way to identify and document rapidly vanishing archaeological resources in North America today is through

Accepted Answer

CRM (Cultural Resource Management) archaeology is a specialized branch of archaeology that focuses on identifying, evaluating, and preserving archaeological sites and resources that may be impacted by development projects. It is the only viable way to identify and document rapidly vanishing archaeological resources in North America today as it provides a systematic and comprehensive approach to archaeological resource management, including surveys and mitigation recommendations. Methodological strategies and major intellectual advances may inform CRM archaeology, but they do not provide a practical means of identifying and documenting rapidly vanishing archaeological resources.

Question 9

What is the fourth dimension of landscape?

Accepted Answer

The fourth dimension of landscape is time, which can be seen through changes in the landscape over different periods. This may include the growth and decay of vegetation, construction and destruction of structures, and changes in land use.

Question 10

Geomorphology-the study of the development of ancient landscapes-has helped archaeologists do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Geomorphology has helped archaeologists better understand the development of ancient landscapes, locate and evaluate deeply buried sites, and develop maps of landforms so that cultural resource potential can be assessed. However, it cannot provide full financing for archaeological digs as that is a separate matter of funding and resource allocation.

Question 11

The first challenge to effective CRM is identifying sites before they are

Accepted Answer

The first challenge to effective Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is identifying sites before they are affected by development or natural processes, ensuring that measures can be taken to protect or document them in advance.

Question 12

Excavation units that are deeper than which limit must be shored up to ensure the safety of workers?

Accepted Answer

Excavation units that are deeper than 4 to 5 feet must be shored up to ensure the safety of workers, according to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.

Question 13

Archaeologists of which type lead their colleagues in the use of high-technology remote-sensing devices, computer-based data collection, and data management systems?

Accepted Answer

CRM (Cultural Resource Management) archaeologists specialize in the use of high-technology remote-sensing devices, computer-based data collection, and data management systems in order to survey and protect archaeological resources. Academic archaeologists focus on research, teaching, and publishing, while forensic archaeologists use their knowledge of archaeology in legal cases. Historical archaeologists examine material remains to understand the past.

Question 14

Organizations such as the Register of Professional Archaeologists and the American Cultural Resources Association have stringent guidelines for research, as well as for archaeologists'

Accepted Answer

The Register of Professional Archaeologists and the American Cultural Resources Association have stringent guidelines for professional responsibilities of archaeologists, which include research protocols. They do not have specific rules or activities related to legislation or memberships.

Question 15

Any archaeologist with a telephone line or an electronic mail system can now access which database, which also provides comprehensive site distribution from many states and background environmental information through the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS)?

Accepted Answer

The National Archaeological Data Base (NADB) provides comprehensive site distribution from many states and background environmental information through the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS).

Question 16

The management, storage, and conservation of artifacts and other data recovered in the course of archaeological activities is called

Accepted Answer

The management, storage, and conservation of artifacts and other data recovered in the course of archaeological activities is known as curation. Restoration refers to the process of repairing or renovating an object or site to its original state. Mitigation is the act of reducing or preventing the negative impacts of development or construction on archaeological sites. Preservation generally refers to the overall goal of maintaining and protecting archaeological sites and artifacts.

Question 17

Making archaeological data available to as wide an audience of archaeologists as can use the data is the essence of

Accepted Answer

Publishing archaeological data ensures that it is shared and accessible to a broad audience of archaeologists who can use the information for further study, comparison, or research, embodying the essence of making data widely available.

Question 18

The views of which group regarding what sites should be preserved, how archaeological research should be conducted, and the ways in which archaeological remains should be treated are often dramatically different from the views of archaeologists?

Accepted Answer

Native Americans often have different perspectives on what sites should be preserved and how archaeological remains should be treated due to their cultural and spiritual connections to the land and artifacts. These perspectives may clash with traditional archaeological approaches and priorities.

Question 19

A myriad of activities-for example, museum workshops for children, run by archaeological societies and museums; the publication of leaflets and Web pages summarizing new work; and superb public outreach programs run by cities-are encompassed by which type of archaeology?

Accepted Answer

Public archaeology encompasses activities and initiatives aimed at engaging and educating the general public about archaeology and its significance, such as museum workshops, leaflets, web pages, and public outreach programs. Private archaeology involves research and excavations conducted by private individuals or organizations, historical archaeology focuses on studying the material remains of past societies with written records, and CRM (Cultural Resource Management) archaeology involves working with developers to identify and protect archaeological sites before construction projects.

Question 20

Cultural tourism poses serious problems for archaeology, owing to overcrowding and

Accepted Answer

Cultural tourism can lead to damage done by visitors, such as trampling on fragile archaeological sites or touching artifacts. This can pose serious problems for archaeology as it can lead to the destruction of important historic and cultural assets.

Quiz 14: Managing the Past