Question 1

Old rats show enhance phosphorylated CREB.

Accepted Answer

Old rats typically show a decrease in phosphorylated CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) in the brain, which is associated with impaired memory and learning.

Question 2

Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the...

Question 3

A glucose injection restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Accepted Answer

A study by Sharma et al. found that a glucose injection restored the level of phosphorylated CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) in old rats trained on the avoidance task, indicating that glucose may improve memory and learning capabilities in aging individuals.

Question 4

If propranolol is injected into the amygdala following a place-learning task, the rat's memory for the platform location will be impaired.

Accepted Answer

Propranolol is a beta blocker drug that can block the consolidation of memories, making it difficult for the rat to remember the platform location. Injecting it into the amygdala, a brain structure involved in emotional memory processing, specifically impairs the retention of the memory for the place where the platform was located.

Question 5

One reason the basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) is believed to be the primary mediator of epinephrine's influence on memory is because it has many anatomical connections with other regions of the brain that store memories.

Accepted Answer

The basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) has many anatomical connections with other regions of the brain that store memories, making it a likely candidate for mediating the influence of epinephrine on memory.

Question 6

A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A behavioral experience can have two independent...

Question 7

What are memory modulators?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are memory modulators?...

Question 8

How was strychnine, a lethal poison, used to study memory modulation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How was strychnine, a lethal poison, used...

Question 9

What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the evidence that the amygdala...

Question 10

Epinephrine molecules are too large to cross the blood-brain barrier. So, how can epinephrine that is released into the blood stream influence memory modulation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epinephrine molecules are too large to cross...

Question 11

Describe how epinephrine brings about the release of norepinephrine into the BLA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how epinephrine brings about the release...

Question 12

What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the key outcome of the...

Question 13

What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the rationale for using the...

Question 14

Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA...

Question 15

What were the results of experiments in which lidocaine or clenbuterol were injected into the BLA?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What were the results of experiments in...

Question 16

What is the connection between epinephrine, the flight-or-fight response, and memory modulation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the connection between epinephrine, the...

Question 17

Old rats are significantly impaired when the retention interval is seven days. Explain why. Is this impairment reversible?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Old rats are significantly impaired when the...

Question 18

Impaired CREB activation is related in part to age-related changes in the adrenal response to arousal. What evidence supports this assertion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Impaired CREB activation is related in part...

Question 19

_______ influence only the long-term storage of very recently acquired memories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ influence only the long-term storage of...

Question 20

Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted...

Quiz 12: Memory Modulation Systems