Question 1

You conduct an experiment is which you compare the effects of three different amounts of a new drug on memory for sets of random numbers. Your independent variables can be described as being

Accepted Answer

The independent variables in this experiment are different amounts of a drug, which can be measured quantitatively (e.g. 10mg, 20mg, 30mg). They are not abstract, as they can be physically measured, nor are they qualitative, as they are not subjective or categorical in nature. It is not a factorial design as there is only one independent variable (amount of drug), not multiple factors being manipulated.

Question 2

You conduct an experiment in which you compare how people with one of three different psychiatric disorders respond to a new drug. Your independent variable can be described as being

Accepted Answer

The independent variable in this experiment is the type of psychiatric disorder, which is a categorical variable and thus qualitative, not quantitative.

Question 3

Your hypothesis proposes a curvilinear relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Correctly testing this hypothesis will require a MINIMUM of ________ condition(s) of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

To test a curvilinear relationship, you need at least 3 conditions of the independent variable to capture the nature of the curve (e.g., the increase, peak, and decrease).

Question 4

You conduct an experiment is which you compare the effects of three levels of stress on aggression. The mean aggression scores are as follows (higher numbers indicate more stress): Low stress = 2.5; Moderate Stress=5.0; High Stress= 6.5. You conduct a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and find a statistically significant F-value. You can correctly conclude that

Accepted Answer

The significant F-value indicates that there is a relationship between stress and aggression, but the ANOVA does not specify which condition differed from any other condition. Post-hoc tests or planned comparisons would be needed to determine the specific differences between the conditions. Additionally, the ANOVA does not provide information about causality.

Question 5

You conduct an experiment with three levels of your independent variable. Before you collect your data, you make predictions about the expected results. When you analyze your data, you find a significant omnibus F value. The next step is to

Accepted Answer

The answer of You conduct an experiment with three levels...

Question 6

The defining characteristic of a factorial design is that it includes

Accepted Answer

A factorial design includes more than one independent variable.

Question 7

A 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design has ________ independent variables.

Accepted Answer

A 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design has 3 independent variables, each with 3 levels, 2 levels, and 2 levels, respectively. Therefore, the total number of conditions in the design is 3 x 2 x 2 = 12.

Question 8

A main effect in a factorial design is

Accepted Answer

A main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, independent of the effect of the other independent variable.

Question 9

An interaction effect in a factorial design is

Accepted Answer

An interaction effect occurs when the combination of two or more independent variables produces an effect that is different from what would be expected based on the independent effects of each variable alone. This is a common outcome in factorial designs, where multiple independent variables are manipulated to see how they interact with each other to affect the dependent variable. Options A and B are incorrect because they do not accurately describe an interaction effect, and option D is incorrect because it describes a main effect, not an interaction effect.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about interaction effects is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

An interaction effect means that the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable. Therefore, the main effect of one independent variable may apply only to one condition of the other independent variable, not to both conditions. It is not simply the sum of two main effects, and there can be both a main effect and an interaction effect. Follow-up tests are necessary to determine the nature of the interaction effect.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about factorial designs is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is possible to have a factorial design in which both independent variables are correlational. This is known as a correlational factorial design. A factorial design is a type of experimental design that involves manipulating multiple independent variables, typically with at least two levels each, to examine their effects on a dependent variable. The independent variables can be either between-subject or within-subject, and they can be either manipulated or measured. In a correlational factorial design, both independent variables are measured rather than manipulated, but they are still systematically varied in order to examine their effects on the dependent variable.

Question 12

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that

Accepted Answer

In a totally within-subjects factorial design, each participant experiences every condition, so as the number of factors increases, the number of trials each participant must complete also increases, which can lead to fatigue and other issues.

Question 13

You conduct a study in which introverts and extroverts are randomly assigned to work on a task while either facing a mirror or facing a blank wall. You find that that extroverts performed better than introverts and that both introverts and extroverts performed better while facing a mirror than when facing a blank wall. Which conclusion is accurate?

Accepted Answer

The study found that both introverts and extroverts performed better while facing a mirror than when facing a blank wall, indicating that the mirror/wall manipulation caused an improvement in performance. However, only extroverts performed better than introverts, indicating that personality type may have also played a role in performance. Therefore, the accurate conclusion is that the mirror/wall manipulation caused an improvement in performance, but whether personality type caused an improvement cannot be determined.

Question 14

You conduct a study in which introverts and extroverts are randomly assigned to work on a task while either facing a mirror or facing a blank wall. You find that that extroverts performed better than introverts and that both introverts and extroverts performed better while facing a mirror than when facing a blank wall. Which conclusion(s) is/are accurate?

Accepted Answer

The study shows a relationship between personality type and performance, but it does not establish causation.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about factorial designs is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A factorial design allows for the simultaneous manipulation of two or more independent variables and allows for the testing of interactions between these variables. By manipulating multiple variables, factorial designs can test hypotheses regarding whether one variable moderates the effect of another. Therefore, statement A is true. Statements B, C, and D are all false.

Question 16

The practice of including a potential extraneous variable as an independent variable in a factorial design in known as

Accepted Answer

The practice of including a potential extraneous variable as an independent variable in a factorial design is known as blocking. Blocking is used to control for the effects of extraneous variables that may affect the outcome of the study. By including the potential extraneous variable as an independent variable, its effects can be statistically accounted for, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the primary independent variable(s) of interest.

Question 17

The term blocking refers to

Accepted Answer

Blocking is a technique used in experimental design to reduce error variance by accounting for variability due to an extraneous variable. By including this variable as a block (or independent variable), researchers can control for its effects, making it easier to detect the impact of the primary independent variables under investigation.

Question 18

You hypothesize that women will give into conformity pressure more often than men, but only for topics about which men generally know more than women. You do not expect to find gender differences on topics about which men and women have the same level of knowledge. The best way to test your hypothesis would be with

Accepted Answer

A factorial design with gender of participant and topic as independent variables allows for the testing of the main effects of gender and topic, as well as the potential interaction effect between gender and topic. This design also allows for the comparison of conformity pressure across topics where men and women have different levels of knowledge, as well as topics where they have the same level of knowledge. This design is more comprehensive and provides more information than the other options presented.

Question 19

In a factorial design, _________ is the amount of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor.

Accepted Answer

Mean square, also known as mean squared error (MSE), is the measure of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor in a factorial design. It is calculated by dividing the sum of squares of each factor by its degree of freedom.

Quiz 9: True Experiments

You conduct an experiment is which you compare the effects of three different amounts of a new drug on memory for sets of random numbers. Your independent variables can be described as being

You conduct an experiment in which you compare how people with one of three different psychiatric disorders respond to a new drug. Your independent variable can be described as being

Your hypothesis proposes a curvilinear relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Correctly testing this hypothesis will require a MINIMUM of ________ condition(s) of the independent variable.

You conduct an experiment with three levels of your independent variable. Before you collect your data, you make predictions about the expected results. When you analyze your data, you find a significant omnibus F value. The next step is to

The defining characteristic of a factorial design is that it includes

A 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design has ________ independent variables.

A main effect in a factorial design is

An interaction effect in a factorial design is

Which of the following statements about interaction effects is TRUE?

Which of the following statements about factorial designs is TRUE?

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that

Which of the following statements about factorial designs is TRUE?

The practice of including a potential extraneous variable as an independent variable in a factorial design in known as

The term blocking refers to

In a factorial design, _________ is the amount of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor.