Question 1

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father. He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run. Truman is engaged in __________.

Accepted Answer

Truman is not interacting with the other children, he is just observing them. Therefore, he is engaged in nonsocial activity. Parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play involve some level of interaction and communication with other children.

Question 2

Three-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with __________.

Accepted Answer

D'Arcy's parents encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. Therefore, she is likely to respond to another child's unhappiness with empathetic concern.

Question 3

Longitudinal evidence on peer sociability indicates that __________.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal evidence suggests that all four types of play suggested by Parten (unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative) coexist in early childhood.

Answer: D 
 Longitudinal studies have found that preschoolers who spend a lot of time playing alone tend to be socially anxious later on.

Question 4

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme in the preschool's dramatic play interest area. They are engaging in __________.

Accepted Answer

Cooperative play involves children actively working together and interacting with each other to achieve a common goal or role-play scenario. This is consistent with the scenario described in the question where the children are acting out a make-believe theme together.

Question 5

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience __________.

Accepted Answer

By regularly giving feedback that includes a balance of constructive criticism and positive reinforcement, Katherine is likely to experience moderate levels of shame and pride. This can help her develop a healthy sense of self-esteem and motivate her to persist on difficult tasks. Extreme levels of pride or shame can be harmful and may discourage persistence.

Question 6

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame, it is related to __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that appropriate guilt, which is not excessive or accompanied by shame, is related to good adjustment in Western children. It promotes empathy, prosocial behavior, and moral development. Inflated self-esteem, insecure attachment, and poor emotional self-regulation are not associated with appropriate guilt.

Question 7

In associative play, __________.

Accepted Answer

In associative play, children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior. They do not necessarily have a common goal or try to influence each other's behavior. This type of play often occurs in the early preschool years as children learn to play alongside others.

Question 8

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

Accepted Answer

According to research, the amount of solitary and parallel play remains relatively constant throughout early childhood, but the type of play changes. As children develop social skills, they begin to engage in more complex forms of parallel and cooperative play, but they still spend some time playing alone or engaging in simple parallel play. Options A and B are incorrect as they suggest that earlier forms of play disappear completely once later forms appear. Option C is incorrect as some level of nonsocial activity is still observed in kindergarteners.

Question 9

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are less likely to encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits. When caregivers see play as simply a way to keep children busy, they are less likely to recognize the cognitive, social, and emotional benefits of imaginative play. Pretend play helps children develop their imaginations, build communication and social skills, and learn problem-solving strategies. When caregivers understand these benefits, they are more likely to encourage and facilitate pretend play in their children.

Question 10

To preschoolers, __________.

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers have a simple understanding of friendship and often define friends as "people who like them." They are not yet capable of fully comprehending the complexity of a long-term, enduring relationship based on mutual trust or understanding of thoughts and feelings.

Question 11

Which preschooler is the most likely to have a larger peer network and to be more socially skilled?

Accepted Answer

Jasper, whose parents frequently arrange informal play dates, is more likely to have a larger peer network and to be more socially skilled. This is because these play dates give him more opportunities to interact with other children and practice his social skills. The other options have factors that could potentially hinder social development, such as not having parental involvement (A), an insecure attachment to a parent (C), or a father who does not play with children (D).

Question 12

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her...

Question 13

__________ is vital if children at high risk for social difficulties are to develop positive peer interactions in their early school experiences.

Accepted Answer

Warm, responsive teacher-child interactions are crucial in creating a positive classroom climate and providing opportunities for children to learn and practice social skills. Children who are at high risk for social difficulties may not have had the same early social experiences as their peers, and a supportive teacher can provide guidance and modeling for positive interactions with others. Separation from preschool friendships, permissive parenting, and time spent in structured activities may have some benefits, but they are not as directly related to developing positive peer interactions in early school experiences.

Question 14

Poor emotion regulators __________ often display __________.

Accepted Answer

Poor emotion regulators are less able to control their emotions and as a result, often display less prosocial behavior. They may have difficulty regulating their own emotions and may also struggle to empathize with others. Nonetheless, poor emotion regulators may still display personal distress when confronted with others' negative emotions. Therefore, options A, C, and D are not appropriate choices.

Question 15

Research on friendships shows that __________.

Accepted Answer

Research supports the idea that children who have friends in their kindergarten class adjust to school more favorably than those who do not. This finding highlights the importance of early friendships in facilitating positive school experiences.

Question 16

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.

Accepted Answer

Mildred Parten identified five stages of social play, with the final two being associative and cooperative play. These are considered the two forms of true social interaction, in which children engage in social play with peers, communicate, and coordinate their behaviors towards a common goal. Parallel play is a stage in which children play alongside each other without significant interaction, while nonsocial play involves solitary behaviors or preoccupied observation of others.

Question 17

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is __________.

Accepted Answer

Most theories of moral development, such as Kohlberg's theory or Gilligan's theory, argue that at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults. They believe that as the child grows and develops, the child internalizes these external rules and starts to regulate their own behavior based on inner standards.

Question 18

Perhaps because __________ play is inconsistent with the "masculine" gender role, boys who engage in it are at risk for negative peer reactions from .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perhaps because __________ play is inconsistent with...

Question 19

Empathy __________.

Accepted Answer

Empathy serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior. While feeling sorrow for another's plight may be a common response to empathy, it does not always lead to acts of kindness and helpfulness. Empathy can be expressed in both toddlerhood and the preschool years, but there is no evidence to suggest that it is more often expressed in one stage versus the other.

Question 20

Four-year-old Simka is sociable and good at regulating her emotions. She is likely to __________ when she observes distress.

Accepted Answer

Based on the information given about Simka being sociable and skilled at regulating her emotions, it is likely she will display prosocial behaviors such as helping, sharing, and comforting others when she observes distress in others. Option B is less likely as Simka's ability to regulate her emotions may enable her to avoid experiencing personal distress in response to observing others' distress. Options C and D are less likely as they do not align with typical social behaviors that would be expected from a sociable and emotionally regulated child.

Quiz 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood