Question 1

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

Accepted Answer

The term "respectable poor" was commonly used during the Classical era to refer to the poor who were deemed worthy of assistance by the more fortunate members of society. They were seen as deserving of aid due to their perceived moral character and willingness to work. The other options, unrespectable, inadequate, and disreputable, do not accurately describe this specific group of people.

Question 2

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B because the unrespectable poor were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

Question 3

During the Classical era, the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers was to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a ___________ system.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarian philosophers during the Classical era aimed to reform the criminal justice system to be fair, equal, and humanitarian, thus encompassing all the options provided.

Question 4

___________ challenged the prevailing idea that humans are predestined to fill particular social statuses. Instead, he claimed, they are born as free, equal, and rational individuals having both natural rights as well as natural qualities, such as the freedom to reason and the ability to choose actions that are in their own best interests.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria challenged the idea of predestination in social statuses, advocating for the concept of free, equal, and rational individuals with natural rights and qualities.

Question 5

___________ offered the notion of the 'hedonistic, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham is known for proposing the theory of utilitarianism which is based on the belief that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its usefulness in maximizing overall utility or happiness. He offered the concept of the 'hedonistic, or felicity, calculus' as a way to measure the pleasure and pain resulting from different actions and decisions.

Question 6

Cesare Beccaria believed that government was not the automatic right of the rich. Rather, it was created through a ____________ in which free, rational individuals sacrificed part of their freedom to the state to maintain peace and security on behalf of the common good.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in the concept of a social contract, in which individuals voluntarily give up some of their freedoms in exchange for protection and security provided by the government. This idea is rooted in social and political philosophy, and suggests that power lies with the people, not with those in positions of authority or wealth. The social contract theory has been influential in the development of democratic governance and constitutional law.

Question 7

According to Cesare Beccaria, the principle of ____________ means that individual rights have priority over the interests of society or the state.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in the principle of individual sovereignty, which puts the rights of the individual above the interests of the state or society. Beccaria argued that individuals possess natural rights that cannot be taken away by the state or any other entity. This principle is central to many modern democracies, which emphasize the importance of individual rights and freedoms.

Question 8

Cesare Beccaria argued that the law, the courts, and especially judges have a responsibility to protect the innocent from conviction and to convict the guilty, but to do so without regard to their status, wealth, or power. Therefore, the only basis for conviction was the facts of the case. This led to the principle of 'the presumption of ____________,' designed to protect individual rights against excessive state power or corrupt officials.

Accepted Answer

Beccaria's principle is known as "the presumption of innocence," which assumes that a person is innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This principle protects individuals from being wrongly convicted based on assumptions or bias, and places the burden of proof on the prosecution to prove guilt.

Question 9

According to Cesare Beccaria, the term '___________ deterrence' means using the punishment of one individual to discourage others from committing crime.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in the concept of general deterrence, which means using punishment as a way to deter people in general from committing crimes. This is opposed to specific deterrence, which aims to deter the offender from committing further crimes.

Question 10

According to Cesare Beccaria, '___________ deterrence' encourages each individual to calculate the costs of committing the crime.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in specific deterrence, which means that individuals make a rational decision about whether to commit a crime based on the punishment they would face if caught. The other options (general, vague, explicit) do not accurately describe Beccaria's theory of deterrence.

Question 11

According to Jeremy Bentham, the ___________ refers to the idea that the greatest good should be sought for the greatest number of people.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the principle of utility, which is the cornerstone of Bentham's moral philosophy. It states that moral actions are those that maximize overall happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people.

Question 12

Jeremy Bentham offered the notion of the '__________, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions. This calculus states that people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain.

Accepted Answer

Bentham's notion of the hedonistic calculus suggests that people's actions are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This view can be seen as a form of ethical hedonism, which holds that pleasure and happiness are the ultimate goals of human life.

Question 13

Jeremy Bentham's conception of pain and pleasure involved not just physical sensations but also ____________ dimensions, each of which varied in intensity, duration, certainty, and proximity.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham's conception of pain and pleasure, foundational to his utilitarian philosophy, indeed encompassed physical sensations along with political, moral, and religious dimensions. He believed that these aspects of pain and pleasure varied in intensity, duration, certainty, and proximity, affecting human behavior and societal laws. Bentham's utilitarianism aimed at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain across all these dimensions for the greatest number of people.

Question 14

Saw ___________ purpose as increasing the total happiness of the community by excluding 'mischief' and promoting pleasure and security.

Accepted Answer

The statement is referring to a belief in the purpose of law, rather than crime, deviance, or criminal justice. Choice C) law's accurately reflects this belief, as law is intended to promote happiness and security by regulating behavior and preventing harmful actions.

Question 15

Jeremy Bentham was responsible for designing the ultimate disciplinary prison, the ____________, designed to control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham was the designer of the Panopticon, a prison that was designed to control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well. The design incorporated a central tower from which guards could observe all the prisoners without the prisoners being able to see the guards. This created a sense of constant surveillance and control over the prisoners.

Question 16

The justice model contained the following element(s):

Accepted Answer

The justice model includes all three elements listed, including limited discretion, punishment based on the severity of the crime and offender's culpability, and accountability for the criminal justice system.

Question 17

___________ theories explain how some people consciously and rationally choose to commit criminal acts.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theories suggest that individuals make calculated decisions to commit crimes after weighing the pros and cons of the potential outcomes. This choice is based on the individual's rationality, the evaluation of potential benefits to be gained from the offense, the cost of the offense, and the likelihood of being caught. Therefore, these theories provide an explanation of how certain individuals consciously decide to commit crimes.

Question 18

According to ____________ theory, crime is the outcome of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to ____________ theory, crime is the...

Question 19

According to rational choice theory, potential offenders use free will and weigh the perceived costs against the potential benefits from committing crimes. This weighing is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory posits that potential offenders weigh the perceived costs against the potential benefits from committing crimes. This weighing process is called choice structuring, as the offender is structuring their choices in a way that will result in the most advantageous outcome for them. Option arranging, selection configuring, and alternative composition are not terms commonly used in rational choice theory.

Question 20

According to rational choice theory, offenders choose to engage in criminal acts if their rough calculations suggest the actions might result in net gains. _____________ affect their decision, since these are factors to be considered when calculating the cost-benefit estimations of risk.

Accepted Answer

Circumstances, situation, and opportunities all can have an impact on an offender's cost-benefit calculations when deciding whether to engage in criminal activity. Therefore, all of the above can influence an offender's decision-making in rational choice theory.

Quiz 3: Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Theories

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

During the Classical era, the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers was to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a ___________ system.

___________ offered the notion of the 'hedonistic, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions.

Cesare Beccaria believed that government was not the automatic right of the rich. Rather, it was created through a ____________ in which free, rational individuals sacrificed part of their freedom to the state to maintain peace and security on behalf of the common good.

According to Cesare Beccaria, the principle of ____________ means that individual rights have priority over the interests of society or the state.

According to Cesare Beccaria, the term '___________ deterrence' means using the punishment of one individual to discourage others from committing crime.

According to Cesare Beccaria, '___________ deterrence' encourages each individual to calculate the costs of committing the crime.

According to Jeremy Bentham, the ___________ refers to the idea that the greatest good should be sought for the greatest number of people.

Jeremy Bentham offered the notion of the '__________, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions. This calculus states that people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain.

Jeremy Bentham's conception of pain and pleasure involved not just physical sensations but also ____________ dimensions, each of which varied in intensity, duration, certainty, and proximity.

Saw ___________ purpose as increasing the total happiness of the community by excluding 'mischief' and promoting pleasure and security.

Jeremy Bentham was responsible for designing the ultimate disciplinary prison, the ____________, designed to control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well.

The justice model contained the following element(s) :

___________ theories explain how some people consciously and rationally choose to commit criminal acts.

According to ____________ theory, crime is the outcome of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities.

According to rational choice theory, potential offenders use free will and weigh the perceived costs against the potential benefits from committing crimes. This weighing is called _____________.

According to rational choice theory, offenders choose to engage in criminal acts if their rough calculations suggest the actions might result in net gains. _____________ affect their decision, since these are factors to be considered when calculating the cost-benefit estimations of risk.