Question 1

What example illustrates the conclusion that can be drawn from inductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

"Every eagle seen this week has dark feathers; therefore, all eagles have dark feathers" is correct. Inductive reasoning proceeds from the specific to the general. That is, an observation is made, and patterns are recognized; this leads to a tentative hypothesis and then finally a general conclusion about a broad generalization. The other answer choices are all examples of deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific.

Question 2

The goal of Ida Jean Orlando's theory of effective nursing practice is to

Accepted Answer

Orlando believed that the goal of the nurse is to meet the immediate needs of the patient and relieve distress and discomfort. A major assumption by Orlando was that nursing practice should be autonomous. She believed that using the nursing process in the provision of nursing care provides an overall framework for nursing and is effective in achieving a good outcome. Florence Nightingale's theory focused on three major relationships: environment to patient, nurse to environment, and nurse to patient. Virginia Henderson is well known for defining nursing. She was also credited with integrating the view of holism into nursing. She believed that humans have needs that are not only biological but also psychological. Reduction of hospital stays is not discussed.

Question 3

What example illustrates the conclusion that can be drawn from deductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

"All men are mortal and the Dalai Lama is a man; therefore, the Dalai Lama is mortal" is correct. Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific. Here the reasoning progresses such that you would use a true broad premise or principle to progress logically to a more detailed conclusion. The other answer choices are all examples of inductive reasoning. Reasoning proceeds from the specific to the general.

Question 4

Identify the catalyst of Jean Watson's Theory of Care.

Accepted Answer

Jean Watson's Theory of Care (1979) emerged from her own values and beliefs guided by her commitment to the caring-healing role or nursing and its mission to help sustain humanity and wholeness as the foundation of health and nursing's purpose for existing. The belief that nursing practice should be autonomous, changes in health care delivery and patient satisfaction survey responses, and the three theories promoting the capacity of self-care have nothing in common with Jean Watson's Theory of Care.

Question 5

Select the scientific theory used in several nursing theories to explain the following scenario: One nurse, whose adult son died in the ER 11 years ago, contends that she can never walk into a hospital again and quits her job. A second nurse, whose husband died in the hospital, continues to work her shifts responsibly and compassionately without incident.

Accepted Answer

Adaptation theory explains the ability of living things to adjust, or adapt, in response to continuous internal or external stimuli. This theory illustrates how humans cope or do not cope with physical, developmental, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual stressors. Role theory describes how roles of individuals in their family may change over a lifetime. Developmental theories explain the interdependence of the systems in the body helping to reveal the presence of health and illness. Systems theory describes the relationship of the environment, both internal and external, with the individual and how changing one part affects all other parts.

Question 6

What criterion would the nurse use to support Hildegard Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations?

Accepted Answer

The nurse-patient relationship is the focus of Hildegard Peplau's theory. The doctor-nurse relationship, the mutual caring relationship, and meeting the needs of the nurse and patient are not the focus of Hildegard Peplau's theory.

Question 7

Which is an example of Dorothea Orem's Theory of Self-Care Deficit?

Accepted Answer

Dorothea Orem's Theory of Self-Care Deficit is explained in the fifth edition of her book, Nursing: Concepts of Practice. In this model of practice, the outcomes of all nursing actions should be to promote the capacity for self-care in all individuals; activities of self-care are defined as purposeful, ordered, and learned; and the degree to which a person is able to participate in this is called self-care agency.

Question 8

What changes in nursing practice did Florence Nightingale make to improve the personal care of patients?

Accepted Answer

Florence Nightingale's theory of nursing primarily focused on the environment. It described in detail the concepts of light, cleanliness, ventilation, warmth, diet, and noise. Behaviors, culture, and communication were not her primary focus.

Question 9

A group of nursing students was discussing the functions of nursing theories. Which statement below would give the impression a student requires more review of the material?

Accepted Answer

The statements that nursing theories serve as guidelines for professional practice, nursing theories are influenced by values and beliefs, and nursing theories influence professional behaviors are true about nursing theories. The statement that nursing theories have little effect on decision-making is incorrect because nursing theories do have a significant effect on decision-making.

Question 10

Betty Neuman's Systems Model for nursing emphasizes the holistic aspects of nursing from a systems-based perspective. Which of the following is not an example of the clinical application of this theory?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on the nurse-patient relationship is the focus of Hildegard Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Caring for the patient at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care; evaluating patient stability; and evaluating the effect of stressors on the patient are examples of the clinical application of Neuman's theory. The Neuman's Systems Model focuses on responses of patient systems to actual or potential stressors and uses primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing interventions for optimal wellness.

Question 11

How would you justify that a nursing theory is, in fact, a middle-range nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Middle-range nursing theories focus on answering specific nursing practice questions. They can describe phenomena, explain relationships, and predict the effects of one phenomenon on another. All theories should be clear, simple, generalizable, important, and accessible, not just middle-range nursing theories. Nursing theories, in general, are built on adapted scientific theories, not just middle-range nursing theories.

Question 12

The nurse is listening to a lecture on nursing conceptual models. Which statement indicates that the teaching has been effective?

Accepted Answer

"Nursing conceptual models are related constructs that broadly explain a phenomenon of interest" is true of nursing conceptual models. "Nursing conceptual models provide a broad explanation of the world" is true of nursing philosophies, and "Nursing conceptual models are composed of a defined and interrelated set of concepts" and "Nursing conceptual models are abstract concepts that propose outcomes" are true of nursing theories.

Question 13

What parts make up and work together in Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Imogene King believed that humans are composed of three interacting and changing systems consisting of social, interpersonal, and personal systems. Creating a method to evaluate outcomes, defining quality nursing care, and setting goals are reflective of King's theory that emphasizes goal setting and evaluating outcomes. Focusing on self-care and maintaining a clean environment are not included in King's theory.

Question 14

What skills would a nurse demonstrate if the nurse reached the "competent stage" of Patricia Benner's theory of skill acquisition?

Accepted Answer

The competent nurse is able to multitask, set goals, and think analytically. The advanced beginner is the new graduate nurse with marginally acceptable performance who relies on other experienced nurses. The proficient nurse sees the whole and focuses on long-term goals, and the level of expert nurse is reached after considerable experience (recognizes patterns and has responses that are automatic and integrated).

Question 15

Which of the following are the concepts common among most nursing philosophies, models, and theories?

Accepted Answer

Person, nurse, health, and environment are the four universal concepts central to nursing practice. The physician and culture are not considered to be among the four universal concepts. These themes are described, defined, ordered, and interrelated in distinctive, meaningful, and powerful ways as nursing theorists endeavor to continue the development of nursing's unique body of knowledge.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of the application of Madeleine Leininger's Cultural Care Theory of Diversity and Universality?

Accepted Answer

Demonstrating cultural competency includes learning about the cultural community as individuals, families, and communities and their expressive abilities of caring, values, beliefs, actions, and practices that are based on their cultural lifestyles. This will ensure that nurses deliver the appropriate level of care respectfully based on these aspects with a noted increase in nursing satisfaction performance, healing, and well-being. Speaking in medical jargon is discouraged and does not help to explain or alleviate anxiety. Planning individualized nursing care is the goal, rather than treating everyone in the same manner. Asking a non-English-speaking patient to provide a translator does not demonstrate respect for a diverse population.

Question 17

Which theory focuses on patterns, life processes, and wholeness and describes seeing the life process as a progression believing that health and the evolving pattern of consciousness are the same?

Accepted Answer

Margaret Newman's Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness focuses on patterns, life processes, and wholeness. She saw the life process as a progression toward higher levels of consciousness health and believed that health and the evolving pattern of consciousness are the same. Imogene King developed the Theory of Goal Attainment. Her theory is based on her belief that humans are composed of three interacting systems (personal, interpersonal, and social), and that they can lead to goal attainment, representing outcomes. Hildegard Peplau developed the Theory of Interpersonal Relations. This theory describes the connection of nurse, patient, health, and environment and should be viewed within the context of environment. Sister Callista Roy developed the Roy's Adaptation Model. Roy believed that the goal of nursing is to promote adaptive responses through a six-step nursing process.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of the application of Levine's Conservation Model to the clinical setting?

Accepted Answer

Obtaining a wheelchair for the patient is a correct example of the application of Levine's Conservation Model. Teaching the patient to self-administer insulin and encouraging the patient to ambulate will not facilitate rest, and arranging for the patient's family to visit may or may not further stress the patient.

Question 19

The nurse providing teaching on a weight loss program to the obese patient is applying which nursing model developed by Nola Pender?

Accepted Answer

Pender's Health Promotion Model emphasizes the importance of the patient to manage his or her own health actively and focuses on wellness. Interpersonal relations is the theory developed by Hildegard Peplau. The Conservation Model was developed by Myra Levine, and the Adaptation Model was developed by Sister Callista Roy.

Question 20

Which statement by a nurse reflects an accurate understanding of systems theory?

Accepted Answer

"A change in one part of the whole will have an effect on another" is an accurate understanding of systems theory. "Humans have certain basic needs" explains Maslow's Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs. "One must consider how humans cope or do not cope with stress" is an example of Betty Neuman's Healthcare Systems Model. "Roles change over a lifetime" illustrates role theory.

Quiz 5: Using Nursing Theory to Guide Professional Practice