Question 1

In which of the following procedures does the CS go on and off prior to the US?

Accepted Answer

In trace conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented and then ends before the unconditioned stimulus (US) is introduced. There is a gap or "trace" period between the end of the CS and the start of the US, hence the name trace conditioning.

Question 2

In which of the following procedures is predictive learning impossible?

Accepted Answer

In simultaneous conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time, making it difficult for the subject to predict the unconditioned stimulus based on the conditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Which of the following appears to be an exception to the law of temporal contiguity?

Accepted Answer

The law of temporal contiguity suggests that for learning to occur, the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) must be presented close together in time. Acquired taste aversion is an exception because the CS (taste) and the US (sickness) can be separated by hours, and learning still occurs.

Question 4

Jamie goes to a new restaurant that serves exotic foods and is stung by a bee while eating. Half an hour later Jamie feels sick. As the result of these unfortunate events Jamie will most likely

Accepted Answer

This is due to classical conditioning, where Jamie associates the sickness with the exotic food and the bee sting with fear. The sickness felt half an hour later is more directly linked to the ingestion of food, leading to a conditioned response of feeling sick at the thought of exotic food. The immediate pain from the bee sting can lead to a fear response associated with bees.

Question 5

A loud tone and dim light are presented at the same time and followed by food. Salivation will most likely occur to

Accepted Answer

The answer of A loud tone and dim light are...

Question 6

As the percentage of trials on which the CS and US are paired during acquisition increases, the speed of acquisition ____ and the speed of extinction ____.

Accepted Answer

As the percentage of trials on which the CS and US are paired during acquisition increases, the speed of acquisition increases because the CS becomes more strongly associated with the US. The speed of extinction decreases because the CS has become more strongly associated with the US, so it takes more trials to extinguish the association.

Question 7

Which of the following phenomena indicate that extinction cannot result from destroying the
Association between the CS and CR?

Accepted Answer

Disinhibition occurs when a previously extinguished CR is reinstated due to the presentation of a new stimulus that is similar to the original CS. This indicates that extinction does not result from destroying the association between the CS and CR, but rather from the formation of a new inhibitory association that prevents the CR from being elicited.

Question 8

If a rat is shocked half the time after a tone occurs and half the time when the tone is not present, it will

Accepted Answer

The rat will not learn to fear the tone because the shock is not consistently paired with the tone, making it an unreliable predictor of the shock.

Question 9

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, temporal contiguity is

Accepted Answer

Temporal contiguity is necessary for stimulus-substitution to occur, but it is not sufficient. In order for stimulus-substitution to occur, the conditioned stimulus must also be similar to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Research findings indicate that temporal contiguity is ____ for classical conditioning to occur.

Accepted Answer

Temporal contiguity is necessary for classical conditioning because the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus need to occur close together in time for an association to be formed. However, it is not sufficient on its own because other factors, such as the predictability and intensity of the stimuli, also play crucial roles in conditioning.

Question 11

Pavlov believed that the ____. Research findings indicate that ____.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov believed that the conditioned response (CR) always resembles the unconditioned response (UR), but research has shown that this is not always the case, indicating he was incorrect in this belief.

Question 12

Siegel's research in which drugs serve as the US suggests that the CR

Accepted Answer

Siegel's research suggests that the conditioned response (CR) prepares the individual for the unconditioned stimulus (US), indicating that the body anticipates the drug's effects and adjusts accordingly to mitigate them.

Question 13

Which of the following components of the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning helps us understand why learning is greatest at the beginning and diminishes with experience?

Accepted Answer

The Rescorla-Wagner model posits that learning occurs most rapidly when an event is surprising, meaning the strength of conditioning increases most when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is unexpected. As the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the US becomes more predictable, the surprise factor diminishes, leading to a decrease in the rate of learning.

Question 14

Which of the following components of the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning helps us understand why blocking occurs?

Accepted Answer

The salience of both CSs helps us understand why blocking occurs. When one CS is more salient than the other, it will overshadow the other CS and prevent it from forming an association with the US.

Quiz 4: Predictive Learning: Basic Variables and Theoretical Issues