Question 1

Because which of the following conduct their studies in a controlled laboratory environment, they can regulate all important aspects of the experimental conditions?

Accepted Answer

Basic scientists conduct their studies in a controlled laboratory environment, allowing them to regulate all important aspects of the experimental conditions.

Question 2

Which of the following are usually the first to identify new diseases, the adverse effects of new exposures, and new links between an exposure and a disease?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Which of the following refers to the analysis of disease patterns according to the characteristics of person, place, and time, or in other words, who is getting the disease, where is it occurring, and how it is changing over time?

Accepted Answer

Disease distribution refers to the analysis of disease patterns according to person, place, and time, focusing on who is affected, where it occurs, and how it changes over time.

Question 4

Now considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology, which of the following was the compiler of Statistical Abstracts for the General Registry Office in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880?

Accepted Answer

William Farr was the compiler of Statistical Abstracts for the General Registry Office in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880 and is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology.

Question 5

The Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial was one of the first instances that which of the following was used in medical research?

Accepted Answer

The Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial was one of the first clinical trials to use randomization to assign participants to treatment groups, marking a significant advancement in medical research methodology.

Question 6

The people who were in Hiroshima, Japan when the atomic bomb exploded at the end of World War II are members of which type of population?

Accepted Answer

A fixed population is one where membership is permanent and defined by an event, such as being present during the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima.

Question 7

A person is a member of which type of population only as long as he or she has the defining state or condition?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic population is one where membership is transient and depends on the current state or condition of individuals.

Question 8

Cumulative incidence is mainly used in which type of populations where there are no or small losses to follow-up?

Accepted Answer

Cumulative incidence is mainly used in fixed populations where the entire population is followed for the entire study period, minimizing losses to follow-up.

Question 9

Incidence is defined as the occurrence of new cases of disease that develop in which type of population over a specified time period?

Accepted Answer

Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of a disease in a candidate population, which includes individuals who are at risk of developing the disease during a specified time period.

Question 10

The numerator and denominator of which commonly used measure of disease frequency often includes both livebirths and stillbirths?

Accepted Answer

The birth defect rate often includes both livebirths and stillbirths in its calculations to account for all occurrences of birth defects, regardless of the outcome of the pregnancy.

Question 11

Which of the following helps public health officials determine which exposures are most important to a given population and to prioritize prevention activities?

Accepted Answer

Population risk difference helps public health officials determine the impact of an exposure on the entire population, allowing them to prioritize prevention activities based on the potential reduction in disease if the exposure were eliminated.

Question 12

Which of the following describes the public health impact of the exposure among the exposed?

Accepted Answer

Risk difference measures the absolute difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups, indicating the public health impact of the exposure among the exposed.

Question 13

Which of the following measures is very useful for determining priorities for public health action?

Accepted Answer

The Attributable proportion among the total population (APt) is useful for determining public health priorities because it reflects the impact of a risk factor on the entire population, not just those exposed, helping to prioritize interventions that will benefit the most people.

Question 14

It is difficult to interpret absolute and relative measures of comparison based on which type of rates when the compared groups differ on a characteristic that affects the rate of disease?

Accepted Answer

Crude rates are raw measures that do not account for differences in population characteristics, such as age or sex, which can affect the rate of disease and make comparisons between groups difficult to interpret.

Question 15

The purpose of which survey is to "provide reliable national data on marriage, divorce, contraception, infertility, and the health of women and infants in the United States"?

Accepted Answer

The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is specifically designed to collect data on family life, marriage and divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men's and women's health.

Question 16

Which of the following uses a stratified, multistage sampling scheme to select a sample of households that form a representative sample of the target population?

Accepted Answer

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) uses a stratified, multistage sampling scheme to select a representative sample of households from the target population.

Question 17

The purpose of which state-based survey is to monitor a wide-variety of health risk behaviors that are related to chronic disease, injuries, and death, including use of screening and preventive services, smoking, alcohol use, physical activities, fruit and vegetable consumption, seat belt use, and weight control?

Accepted Answer

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a state-based survey designed to monitor health risk behaviors related to chronic diseases, injuries, and death, including preventive services and lifestyle choices.

Question 18

Which of the following was a national probability survey that was conducted annually from 1965 to 2010?

Accepted Answer

The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) was a national probability survey conducted annually from 1965 to 2010.

Question 19

Which type of study compares the rates of disease among natives of a homeland to rates among immigrants and among natives of the adopted country?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of study compares the rates...

Question 20

Which type of variations in disease frequency are the most common type of periodic fluctuations?

Accepted Answer

Seasonal variations are the most common type of periodic fluctuations in disease frequency, often related to changes in weather, temperature, and human behavior patterns.

Quiz 18: Epidemiology and Screening: Understanding Disease Patterns and Identifying Risks