Question 1

Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned. He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around. Soon, he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family. He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time. Todd seems to be suffering from
A) anxiety.
B) low self-esteem.
C) low achievement motivation.
D) learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

Todd's situation is an example of learned helplessness, which is a belief that one cannot control or change their environment or outcomes. In this case, Todd has experienced failure and negative feedback at work and feels helpless to change this pattern. This belief then extends to other areas of his life, such as his family relationships. This can lead to withdrawal and a lack of motivation, as Todd feels there is no point in trying to change his circumstances.

Question 2

From research on violence we can say ________ are more likely to turn to violence themselves.
A) children exposed to a violent environment
B) when children are punished randomly, they
C) children who frequently model punishing acts
D) nothing about the personalities of children who

Accepted Answer

The answer of From research on violence we can say...

Question 3

Learned helplessness has been associated with which psychological disorder?
A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Paranoia
D) Phobias

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a condition in which a person feels helpless and passive in situations where they could take action. It is often associated with depression, as individuals with depression may feel that no matter what they do, they can't change or improve their situation.

Question 4

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness
A) quickly learned to escape the shocks in a shuttle-box.
B) failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box.
C) escaped the shocks in the shuttle-box, but only after several trials.
D) escaped the shuttle-box shocks, but then showed signs of helplessness.

Accepted Answer

The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box. This is because they had learned that they had no control over the shocks, and so they gave up trying to escape.

Question 5

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?
A) When the model is declared a hero and rewarded.
B) When they see the model engage in justified aggression.
C) When the model is punished for aggressive behavior.
D) When the child sees a behavior the child likes.

Accepted Answer

When the model is punished for aggressive behavior, children are less likely to imitate the model because they learn that aggression leads to negative consequences.

Question 6

In the original learned helplessness model, people were said to experience learned helplessness when they
A) encountered obstacles they could not overcome.
B) encountered aversive events.
C) generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control.
D) gave up trying after they realized they could not do anything about an aversive situation.

Accepted Answer

The original learned helplessness model proposed that when people encountered aversive events and generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control, they experienced learned helplessness.

Question 7

The neurotransmitter _______ has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression.
A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) adrenalin

Accepted Answer

The neurotransmitter serotonin has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression. Learned helplessness is a phenomenon where an individual becomes passive and shows decreased motivation in response to aversive stimuli after repeatedly experiencing uncontrollable and negative events. Studies have found that low levels of serotonin are associated with learned helplessness. Similarly, depression has also been linked with low levels of serotonin. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed as antidepressants, as they increase the amount of serotonin available in the brain.

Question 8

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.
A) receive an aversive or painful stimulus
B) complete a questionnaire
C) engage in a group discussion
D) watch a violent or nonviolent program

Accepted Answer

The controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to watch a violent or nonviolent program and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively in order to understand how observational learning affects aggressive behavior. A is incorrect as it involves inflicting aversive or painful stimulus on participants, which is unethical. B and C are irrelevant to the research question.

Question 9

Which of the following accounts for the longer duration of depression relative to the duration of learned helplessness effects?
A) There are many causes for depression in addition to learned helplessness.
B) Depressed people think about the helplessness-inducing events.
C) Reminders of the initial helplessness event can reactivate depression.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following accounts for the...

Question 10

According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to
A) give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.
B) explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything.
C) give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences.
D) pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience.

Accepted Answer

The learned helplessness model suggests that depression arises from the belief that one cannot control important events in their life. Therefore, one way to treat depression is to provide the person with a successful experience at controlling an important event, which can help to counteract the feelings of helplessness and increase feelings of self-efficacy.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?
A) Players actively engage in practicing violent acts.
B) The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing.
C) Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts.
D) Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

Accepted Answer

Increased attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types does not necessarily indicate increased aggression. It may simply be a result of the gameplay mechanics and strategy involved in the game. The other options (A, B, and C) all suggest that playing violent video games can lead to increased aggression, which is a cause for concern.

Question 12

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds
A) there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression.
B) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
C) watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television.
D) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, but only in children.

Accepted Answer

Most research finds that watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances. This relationship has been found in both children and adults. However, it is important to note that there are some exceptions and that other factors, such as individual differences in personality and socialization, can also play a role in whether or not someone acts aggressively after watching violent programming.

Question 13

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?
A) They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors.
B) They both show evidence for internal locus of control..
C) They both become highly agitated and aggressive.
D) They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion

Accepted Answer

Animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans both have been shown to have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors, particularly with decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, and increased sensitivity of their receptors. This suggests that there may be similar underlying biological mechanisms at play in these two situations.

Question 14

Investigations of the impact of exposure to violence have shown the amount and kind of _______ predicts how aggressive they are later.
A) sports children participate in
B) environment in which children grew up
C) school children attend
D) television children watch

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that exposure to violence in media, particularly television, has a significant impact on a child's aggressive behavior later on in life. This includes both the amount and kind of violence seen.

Question 15

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on
A) self-efficacy.
B) locus of control.
C) behavior therapy.
D) learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers in one study found that residents...

Question 16

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to
A) learn through observation how to be helpless.
B) avoid the stimulus on every trial.
C) stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation.
D) suffer from neurological damage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which...

Question 17

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of
A) a lack of motivation and activity.
B) depression and suicide attempts.
C) extreme agitation.
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness in the elderly often manifests as a lack of motivation and activity. This can stem from a sense of feeling powerless and helpless in one's circumstances, leading to a loss of initiative and withdrawal from engagement in daily activities. While depression and suicide attempts can be common in the elderly, they are not necessarily directly related to learned helplessness. Extreme agitation can also be a symptom of various conditions in older adults, but it is not a hallmark of learned helplessness.

Question 18

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis, and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays, the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic, you predict
A) Jeff will act more aggressively just after playing, but not for long.
B) Jeff will commit acts of violence toward his friends that match the violence in the games he plays.
C) Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing.
D) Jeff will not act more aggressively than he did before playing his games.

Accepted Answer

The question asks for a prediction based on Jeff's enjoyment of realistic violence in combat video games. Research studies have shown that playing violent video games can lead to short-term increases in aggressive behavior, as the arousal and excitement from the game can carry over into real-life interactions for several minutes. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it predicts that Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing. Choices A and B are too extreme and unlikely, and choice D contradicts the well-established effects of violent video game play.

Question 19

According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people
A) fail at some important task.
B) experience an inability to control important events in their lives.
C) have a series of aversive experiences.
D) lose their motivation to work.

Accepted Answer

According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when individuals experience an inability to control important events in their lives. This feeling of helplessness can arise from a variety of situations, such as repeated failure or exposure to aversive experiences, but the key factor is the perception that one's efforts cannot influence outcomes.

Question 20

In one study, policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents. Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents?
A) Having the staff do many of the residents' daily chores and responsibilities for them
B) Explaining to the residents how the staff would now take care of their problems
C) Explaining to the residents that they have earned their rest and should enjoy it
D) Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized

Accepted Answer

Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents. This allowed them to feel a sense of autonomy and independence, which can lead to greater satisfaction and well-being. Additionally, it may have improved the staff-resident relationship and communication, as the residents may have felt more comfortable expressing their needs and preferences.

Quiz 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research

From research on violence we can say ________ are more likely to turn to violence themselves.

Learned helplessness has been associated with which psychological disorder?

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?

In the original learned helplessness model, people were said to experience learned helplessness when they

The neurotransmitter _______ has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression.

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.

Which of the following accounts for the longer duration of depression relative to the duration of learned helplessness effects?

According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?

Investigations of the impact of exposure to violence have shown the amount and kind of _______ predicts how aggressive they are later.

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis, and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays, the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic, you predict

According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people

In one study, policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents. Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents?