Question 1

A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:
A) latent stage.
B) predisposing factor.
C) incidence.
D) precipitating factor.

Accepted Answer

A precipitating factor is a specific event or situation that triggers the onset of a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease. It may include things like emotional stress, physical exertion, or exposure to allergens.

Question 2

A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called:
A) apoptosis.
B) ischemia.
C) hypertrophy.
D) necrosis.

Accepted Answer

Ischemia is defined as a deficiency of blood supply to a tissue, caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel. This deficiency of blood supply can lead to a deficit of oxygen in the cells, causing tissue damage or death. Apoptosis, hypertrophy, and necrosis are different types of cell death that may occur as a result of various processes, but they are not specifically related to a deficit of oxygen in the cells.

Question 3

The term cancer refers to:
A) dysplasia.
B) hyperplasia.
C) metaplasia.
D) malignant neoplasm.

Accepted Answer

The term cancer specifically refers to a type of malignant neoplasm, which is an abnormal growth of cells with the ability to invade surrounding tissues and potentially spread to other parts of the body. Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are all terms used to describe various types of cellular changes that can occur but do not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer.

Question 4

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?
A) The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
B) The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
C) Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
D) The global search for emerging diseases

Accepted Answer

Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases in populations, including the identification of factors that contribute to their spread. It involves tracking patterns of disease occurrence, examining the causes and risk factors for diseases, and evaluating interventions designed to prevent or control their spread. Choice A accurately reflects this definition. Choices B, C, and D are not accurate definitions of epidemiology.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Alteration of DNA does not change cell function.
B) Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
C) All types of cells die at the same rate.
D) Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death.

Accepted Answer

Damaged cells have the ability to repair themselves through various mechanisms, such as DNA repair enzymes and regenerative processes. Alteration of DNA can indeed change cell function, which can lead to various diseases. Different types of cells have varying lifespans and do not all die at the same rate. Mild ischemia may cause reversible cell damage, but not immediate cell death.

Question 6

A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:
A) hypertrophy.
B) metaplasia.
C) anaplasia.
D) atrophy.

Accepted Answer

Atrophy is the type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, metaplasia is a change in cell type, and anaplasia is a loss of differentiation and a sign of cancer.

Question 7

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:
A) metaplasia.
B) atrophy.
C) dysplasia.
D) hypertrophy.

Accepted Answer

Dysplasia is a change in tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures. This change can be a precursor to cancer if left untreated. Metaplasia refers to the transformation of one cell type to another, while atrophy refers to the shrinkage of cells or tissue. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size.

Question 8

Caseation necrosis refers to an area where:
A) cell proteins have been denatured.
B) cell are liquefied by enzymes.
C) dead cells form a thick cheesy substance.
D) bacterial invasion has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Caseation necrosis is a type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a thick, cheesy substance in dead tissue. This is often seen in tuberculosis infections, where immune cells form granulomas around the bacteria, leading to necrosis and caseous material formation.

Question 9

When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:
A) ischemia.
B) gangrene.
C) hypoxia.
D) necrosis.

Accepted Answer

When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called necrosis. Ischemia refers to a lack of blood flow to a tissue or organ, hypoxia refers to a lack of oxygen supply in the tissue or organ, and gangrene refers to the death of tissue caused by a bacterial infection.

Question 10

Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:
A) an iatrogenic cause of cancer.
B) a preventive measure.
C) a precipitating factor.
D) a predisposing condition.

Accepted Answer

Routine application of sun block to skin is a preventive measure meant to reduce the risk of skin cancer. It is not an iatrogenic cause, precipitating factor or predisposing condition.

Question 11

Pathophysiology involves the study of:
A) the structure of the human body.
B) the functions of various organs in the body.
C) functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
D) various cell structures and related functions.

Accepted Answer

Pathophysiology is the study of functional or structural changes that result from disease processes. It involves understanding how the normal physiological processes are disturbed when there is an abnormality or disease present in the body. While the other options (A, B, and D) are related to the human body, they are not specifically related to pathophysiology.

Question 12

Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing:
A) hypertrophy.
B) dysplasia.
C) atrophy.
D) regeneration.

Accepted Answer

Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens lead to an increase in muscle size and strength, often resulting in hypertrophy, which is the adaptive growth of cells in response to increased demand or use. Dysplasia refers to abnormal development or growth of cells, which is not typically associated with exercise. Atrophy is the decrease in cell size, typically due to disuse or a decrease in demand, which is not consistent with the effects of weight lifting. Regeneration is the process of new cell growth to replace damaged or destroyed tissue, which may occur in response to exercise-related muscle damage, but is not the primary effect of regular weight lifting/body building regimens.

Question 13

To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
A) Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
B) Ischemic damage to cells
C) Liquefaction of necrotic tissue
D) Preprogrammed cell self-destruction

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis refers to the process of preprogrammed cell self-destruction, which is a normal and controlled way for cells to die. This process is important for tissue development and maintenance, as well as for eliminating damaged or abnormal cells. Options A, B, and C refer to different types of cell damage or death, but not specifically to apoptosis.

Question 14

Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
A) Swelling of the knee
B) Fever
C) Pain in the neck
D) Red rash on the face

Accepted Answer

Fever is a systemic sign of disease, as it indicates an increased body temperature and can be a response to infection or inflammation throughout the body. Swelling of the knee, pain in the neck, and a red rash on the face may be localized signs of injury or disease but do not necessarily indicate systemic involvement.

Question 15

Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established?
A) Symptoms
B) Occurrence
C) Manifestations
D) Complication

Accepted Answer

A complication is a new and secondary problem that arises after the original disease has been established. Symptoms refer to the observable characteristics of a disease or disorder. Occurrence refers to the presence or existence of a disease or condition. Manifestations refer to the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition.

Question 16

The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
A) precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
B) number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
C) predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
D) exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.

Accepted Answer

Prognosis refers to the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease. The other options refer to different aspects of illness, but do not specifically address prognosis.

Question 17

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?
A) An inherited disorder
B) A combination of specific etiological factors
C) An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
D) Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment

Accepted Answer

Iatrogenic diseases are those caused unintentionally by medical or healthcare interventions, such as drugs or surgery. Therefore, the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease would be an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug. Inherited disorders (A), a combination of specific etiological factors (B), and prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment (D) are not typically associated with iatrogenic diseases.

Question 18

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
A) subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
B) signs and symptoms of a disease.
C) factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
D) early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.

Accepted Answer

Manifestations of a disease refer to the signs and symptoms that are present, which can include both objective (such as a rash or fever) and subjective (such as pain or fatigue) experiences. It does not necessarily refer to precipitating factors or early indicators of an infection.

Question 19

The term homeostasis refers to:
A) the causative factors in a particular disease.
B) maintenance of a stable internal environment.
C) a condition that triggers an acute episode.
D) a collection of signs and symptoms.

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment, including body temperature, blood pressure, and other physiological processes. It is the body's ability to regulate and maintain a balance of internal conditions despite external changes.

Question 20

Etiology is defined as the study of the:
A) causes of a disease.
B) course of a disease.
C) expected complications of a disease.
D) manifestations of a disease.

Accepted Answer

Etiology is the study of the causes of a disease.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology

A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:

A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called:

The term cancer refers to:

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:

Caseation necrosis refers to an area where:

When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:

Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:

Pathophysiology involves the study of:

Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing:

To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?

Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?

Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established?

The best definition of the term prognosis is the:

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:

The term homeostasis refers to:

Etiology is defined as the study of the: