Question 1

The assumptions involved in the concept of enculturation may be traced to and illuminated by an understanding of the concept of tabula rasa,a term which _______________.

Accepted Answer

The term "tabula rasa" means "blank slate" (B), was used by philosopher John Locke (C), and is a metaphor for the newborn infant who is shaped by experience (D).

Question 2

A study of child-rearing among the Ju/'hoansi of Africa indicates that _______________.

Accepted Answer

The study found that boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner among the Ju/'hoansi and both are mild-mannered and self-reliant.

Question 3

Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the _______________.

Accepted Answer

The First Laugh Ceremony is a traditional Navajo ceremony that takes place four days after a baby's birth. It marks the baby's introduction to the community and the belief that the baby's first laugh represents the joy and happiness of the community. This ceremony helps to reinforce the importance of community within Navajo culture from an early age.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

The incorrect statement is that American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children. This is not necessarily true, as self-awareness development can be influenced by various factors including the amount of social stimulation, which is suggested to be higher in societies like the Ju/'hoansi where children are in close contact with their mothers or caregivers more frequently.

Question 5

The agents of enculturation _______________.

Accepted Answer

The agents of enculturation can be any persons or groups involved in transmitting culture to the next generation. This includes family members, peer groups, and school teachers, among others. The structure of the family may impact the specific agents involved, but overall, enculturation involves a range of individuals within a society.

Question 6

A book by Margaret Mead called Coming of Age in Samoa,published in 1928,_______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A book by Margaret Mead called Coming...

Question 7

The _______________ includes definitions and explanations of objects,spatial orientation,and temporal orientation,as well as culturally defined values,ideals,and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral environment encompasses definitions and explanations of objects, spatial and temporal orientation, and culturally defined values and standards that guide an individual's normative orientation. This concept reflects how our surroundings and cultural background shape our understanding and interaction with the world.

Question 8

An individual's personality _______________.

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed contribute to an individual's personality. Enculturation shapes an individual's beliefs and values, genetics can influence temperament and predispositions to certain traits, and the cognitive map refers to the way a person processes information and perceives the world around them. Additionally, personality is integrated and dynamic, meaning it continually changes and develops throughout a person's lifetime.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

The concept of tabula rasa states that individuals are born with a blank slate and their personalities are largely shaped by their life experiences and environment, not by their biological genetic inheritance. Therefore, statement A is incorrect as it directly contradicts the concept.

Question 10

Child-rearing practices that foster compliance on the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the family,rather than reliance on oneself,are called _______________.

Accepted Answer

Dependence training involves child-rearing practices that emphasize obedience and conformity to the expectations of the family or community. These practices discourage independence and self-reliance and may lead to children relying on others to make decisions and solve problems for them.

Question 11

The concept of tabula rasa _______________.

Accepted Answer

The concept of tabula rasa implies that individuals are shaped primarily by their experiences, which can differ from culture to culture. It was first introduced by the philosopher John Locke in the 17th century.

Question 12

One becomes the owner of one's self and capacities in societies that practice _______________.

Accepted Answer

Independence training is the practice of allowing individuals to develop and exercise their own capacities and decision-making abilities. This fosters a sense of ownership over oneself, leading to greater autonomy and self-sufficiency. Societies that prioritize independence training are more likely to produce individuals who feel empowered to take charge of their lives and make meaningful contributions to their communities.

Question 13

Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea demonstrated that _______________.

Accepted Answer

Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea did not provide evidence to support any of the options listed. The study showed that gender roles and behaviors vary across cultures and are shaped by social and environmental factors.

Question 14

The _______________ do not consider an infant truly "human" until they have given it a name.

Accepted Answer

According to cultural anthropologist Jean Briggs, the Aymara Indians of the Andes do not consider an infant fully human until it is named. This naming ceremony can occur several days or even months after the baby's birth, and until then, the baby is referred to as "juchi," which means "thing" or "something."

Question 15

_______________ is the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next,and through which individuals become members of their society.

Accepted Answer

Enculturation is the process of acquiring culture, beliefs, values, and behaviors of one's own society. It is a lifelong process that begins with infancy and continues throughout one's life. It involves learning from one's parents, family, community, and society at large. Assimilation refers to the process by which an individual or a group of people adopts the culture of another society. Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features between two distinct cultural groups. Accommodation refers to the process by which an individual or a group of people changes their behavior or attitudes towards others. Adaptation refers to the process by which an organism adjusts to a new environment.

Question 16

Dependence training is more likely in _______________.

Accepted Answer

Dependence training is more likely in extended families in societies whose economy is based on subsistence farming because these societies often emphasize collective responsibility and interdependence among family members to ensure survival and success in their agricultural activities.

Question 17

Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work in culture and personality published in 1928 was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis.What was this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Margaret Mead's work, particularly in her study "Coming of Age in Samoa," aimed to test the hypothesis that the stress and conflict experienced by American adolescents were not solely due to biological changes (maturing hormones) but were also significantly influenced by cultural factors. Her findings suggested that the turmoil observed in American teenagers was not a universal phenomenon, challenging the prevailing view that adolescent stress was biologically determined and the same across all cultures.

Question 18

In studying three societies in New Guinea,Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by _______________.

Accepted Answer

Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by culture, rather than genetics or biology. She observed that cultural beliefs and practices differed significantly among the three societies she studied in New Guinea, and that these beliefs and practices shaped the gender roles and expectations in each society.

Question 19

Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness,which may be defined as _______________.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness is the ability to have knowledge and understanding of oneself, including the ability to identify oneself as an object, react to oneself, and appraise oneself. This is the starting point for enculturation, which involves learning the cultural norms, values, and beliefs of one's society. Choices A, C, D, and E are incorrect because they do not accurately describe self-awareness or enculturation.

Question 20

Among the Yanomami,_______________.

Accepted Answer

The Yanomami, like any human society, have a range of personalities within their community. It is not accurate to stereotype all men as either fierce and warlike or quiet and retiring. While some Yanomami individuals may exhibit more aggressive behavior, it is not a universal trait among all members of the community. Likewise, there may be some quieter and more reserved Yanomami who are still able to survive and contribute to their society.

Quiz 6: Social Identity, personality, and Gender