Question 1

Proposition is particular if the subject refers to only _______of the class

Accepted Answer

A proposition is considered particular if it refers to only a part of the class, not the whole class.

Question 2

A proposition ___________term, if it refers to all members of the class designated by the term

Accepted Answer

A proposition distributes a term if it refers to all members of the class designated by the term. This means the proposition applies to every member of the class without exception.

Question 3

An ________ proposition is said to distribute both subject and predicate terms

Accepted Answer

An E proposition in traditional logic is a universal negative statement of the form "No S is P," which distributes both the subject and predicate terms. This means that the statement applies to all members of the subject class and makes a claim about all members of the predicate class as well.

Question 4

A universal or particular affirmative proposition, do not distribute their_________term.

Accepted Answer

A universal or particular affirmative proposition does not distribute its predicate term. In logic, distribution refers to whether a term applies to all members of its category. In affirmative propositions (e.g., "All S are P" or "Some S are P"), the predicate term is not distributed because the statement does not apply to all possible instances of the predicate.

Question 5

A valid standard form categorical syllogism must contain exactly __________terms, each of which is used in the same sense throughout the argument.

Accepted Answer

A valid standard form categorical syllogism contains exactly three terms: the major term, the minor term, and the middle term, each used consistently throughout the argument.

Question 6

The___________ of the class of all chairs is the class of all things that are not chairs.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "complement." In set theory, the complement of a set includes all elements that are not in the original set. Therefore, the complement of the class of all chairs would be the class of all things that are not chairs.

Question 7

Which of the following is the obverse of the proposition of the A proposition' All S is P '

Accepted Answer

The obverse of a categorical proposition involves changing the quality of the proposition (from affirmative to negative or vice versa) and negating the predicate. For the A proposition "All S is P", its obverse is "No S is non-P", which changes the original proposition from affirmative to negative and negates the predicate.

Question 8

A statement form that has only false substitution instance is said to be

Accepted Answer

A contradiction is a statement form that is false under every possible interpretation, meaning all of its substitution instances are false.

Question 9

The statement form ~(p.q) is logically equivalent to

Accepted Answer

The statement form ~(p.q) is logically equivalent to ~p v ~q due to De Morgan's laws, which state that the negation of a conjunction is equivalent to the disjunction of the negations.

Question 10

The statement form p ? q is logically equivalent to

Accepted Answer

The statement form $p \rightarrow q$ is logically equivalent to $\sim q \rightarrow \sim p$, which is known as the contrapositive. The contrapositive of a conditional statement is always logically equivalent to the original statement.

Question 11

[(p . q) ? r] is logically equivalent to which of the following

Accepted Answer

The equivalence between [(p . q) ? r] and [p ? (q ? r)] is due to the associativity property of logical operators, where the grouping of operands does not change the result.

Question 12

The compound proposition in which the word 'and' is used to connect simple statements

Accepted Answer

Conjunction is the compound proposition where the word 'and' is used to connect simple statements.

Question 13

In the conditional , the component statement that follows 'then' is called

Accepted Answer

The component statement that follows 'then' in a conditional statement is called the consequent. It represents the result or outcome if the condition (antecedent) is met.

Question 14

The weak implication symbolized by ? is called a

Accepted Answer

The weak implication, often symbolized by →, is called material implication in logic. It expresses a conditional statement, where if the first part (antecedent) is true, then the second part (consequent) must also be true.

Question 15

Universal quantifier is symbolized as

Accepted Answer

Universal quantifier is symbolized as (x).

Question 16

There is atleast one x such that x is mortal can be symbolized as

Accepted Answer

The correct symbolization for "There is at least one x such that x is mortal" is "(?x)Mx", which uses the existential quantifier "?x" to indicate "there exists at least one x" and "Mx" to represent "x is mortal".

Question 17

_____________ is the process of obtaining a proposition from a propositional function by substituting a constant for the variable.

Accepted Answer

Instantiation is the process where a specific value or constant replaces a variable in a propositional function, turning it into a proposition.

Question 18

An error in reasoning is called _________

Accepted Answer

A fallacy is an error in reasoning or a flawed argument. It is a reasoning that is logically incorrect, undermining the logical validity of an argument and leading to a conclusion that is not supported by the evidence.

Question 19

Obversion is a valid __________inference, when applied to any standard form categorical proposition.

Accepted Answer

Obversion is an immediate inference because it involves a single proposition and derives another proposition without the need for a middle term or additional premises.

Question 20

The premise of the immediate inference by obversion is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The premise of the immediate inference by obversion is referred to as the "Obvertend." This term specifically denotes the original statement from which the obversion is derived.

Quiz 15: Topics in Propositional Logic and Categorical Syllogisms